A Protestant sect founded in the United States in 1830. The religious movement known as Mormonism has several denominations, all of which can be traced back to its founder, Joseph Smith. Smith claimed to have received a revelation from the angel Molony about golden tablets, translated the writings on them, and published The Book of Mormon in 1830. The Church of Christ was officially incorporated under New York State law that same year, and in 1838 changed its name to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. This denomination would later become the largest group, with its headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, but the second largest denomination in the Mormon tradition is the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, with its headquarters in Independence, Missouri. In the early days, they faced persecution for their views on polygamy (which was abolished by official declaration in 1890), and they moved from New York to Kirtland, Ohio, Independence, Missouri, and Illinois. In Nauburg, Illinois, Smith's great power caused resentment among the people, and he was imprisoned and later murdered by a mob. His successor, Brigham Young (1801-77), became the leader, and they crossed the Rocky Mountains in search of a place to settle, eventually moving to the great Salt Lake Valley. They founded a city and developed agriculture and industry with their large families, eventually expanding the area into the state of Utah. Smith emphasized the role of human freedom in determining human destiny, a point shared by Methodists and Baptists, but also encompassed a variety of other doctrines in response to the trends of the time, such as millenarianism, the religious revival movement, and the temperance movement. Important doctrines of Mormonism include restorationism, a desire to "return to the early church," and anticipation of the Second Coming. Since around 1990, Mormonism has been said to be one of the six major Christian groups in America, along with Baptists, Catholics, Disciples, Lutherans, and Methodists. As of 1995, the number of Mormons in America, including the Reorganized Church of Latter-day Saints, exceeded 5 million, accounting for about 2% of the population. Although Mormons consider the Bible to be one of their holy scriptures, some say that they are not Christian but a "new religion." [Nomura Fumiko] "Ikoma Takaaki, Christianity Born in America (1981, Oshisha)" "Takayama Machiko, Mysteries of American History: The Emergence of Epic Poetry in Mormonism and the Meaning of Polygamy" (included in Imon Fujio, ed., Religious Groups in a Plural Society, 1992, Daimeido)" "Klaus J. Hansen, Mormonism and the American Experience (1981, University of Chicago Press)" "Jan Shipps, Mormonism: The Story of a New Religious Tradition (1985, Illinois University Press)" [References] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
1830年にアメリカ合衆国に設立されたプロテスタントの一派。モルモン教として知られる宗教運動にはいくつかの教派があり、そのすべての起源は創唱者ジョセフ・スミスにさかのぼることができる。スミスは天使モロニイから黄金の板について啓示を受けたとし、これに書かれていた文字を翻訳、1830年『モルモン経(けい)』The Book of Mormonを出版した。同年ニューヨーク州の法律のもとで正式に教会The Church of Christが設立され、1838年には名称を「末日聖徒イエス・キリスト教会」The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saintsに変更した。この教派はのちにユタ州ソルト・レーク・シティに本部をもつ最大のグループとなるが、モルモン教の流れに属する2番目に大きい教派は、ミズーリ州インディペンデンスに本部をもつ「末日聖徒再編教会」The Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saintsである。 初期には一夫多妻(1890年に公式の宣言によって廃止)などの主張が迫害を受け、ニューヨーク州からオハイオ州カートランド、ミズーリ州インディペンデンス、イリノイ州と各地を転々とした。イリノイ州ナウボーで、スミスのもつ強大な権力が人々の反感を買い、彼は牢獄(ろうごく)に監禁された後、暴徒に殺害された。後継者ブリガム・ヤング(1801―77)がリーダーとなり、安住の地を求めてロッキー山脈を越えて最終目的地ソルト・レークの大渓谷に移住、市を建設して、大家族を中心に農業、産業をおこし、一円をユタ州にまで発展させた。 スミスは人間の運命の決定にあたって人間の自由の役割を強調したが、これはメソジスト、バプティストに共通する点であり、そのほか千年王国(至福千年)説、信仰復興運動、禁酒運動などの時代の風潮に対応して多様な教義を包括している。 モルモン教の教義のなかで重要なものとして、「初代教会へ戻れ」という復古主義と再臨待望があげられる。1990年ごろから、バプティスト派、カトリック教会、ディサイプル、ルター派教会(ルーテル派教会)、メソジスト派とともにアメリカにおけるキリスト教の六つの主要グループの一つといわれている。1995年時点で、アメリカのモルモン教の信徒数は、末日聖徒再編教会などを含めると500万人を越え、人口の約2%を占めている。聖書を聖典の一つにしているが、キリスト教ではなく、「新しい宗教」とする説もある。 [野村文子] 『生駒孝彰著『アメリカ生れのキリスト教』(1981・旺史社)』▽『高山真知子著「アメリカ史の謎――モルモン教における叙事詩の発生と一夫多妻制度の意味」(井門富二夫編『多元社会の宗教集団』所収・1992・大明堂)』▽『Klaus J. HansenMormonism and the American Experience(1981, University of Chicago Press)』▽『Jan ShippsMormonism――The Story of a New Religious Tradition(1985, Illinois University Press)』 [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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