Ophthalmology - Cancer

Japanese: 眼科 - がんか
Ophthalmology - Cancer

The name of the medical department of ophthalmology. Ophthalmology is a specialized branch of clinical medicine that studies and treats the structure, function, and diseases of the eyeball and its adnexa (eyelids, extraocular muscles, lacrimal system, etc.). The history of treating eye diseases dates back to pre-Christian times, but ophthalmology was separated from surgery in the 19th century, and its real development began with the invention of the ophthalmoscope by Helmholtz in 1851. In Japan, there was already an ophthalmologist (Seigan Sozu, the founder of the Mashima school of ophthalmology) during the Enbun era (1356-61). In 1815 (Bunka 12), Sugita Ryukei published "Ophthalmology New Book," which is considered to be the first translation of a Western medical book on ophthalmology. At the end of the Edo period, Habu Genseki from Kanto and Koryosai from Kansai were well-known ophthalmologists. Modern ophthalmology was adopted from German ophthalmology after the Meiji Restoration, with German instructors such as B.C.L. Muller giving lectures at the University of Tokyo's Eastern School. The first Japanese professor of ophthalmology was Ume Kinnojo, who returned to Japan from studying in Germany, and was appointed professor at the University of Tokyo's Faculty of Medicine in 1884 (Meiji 17), but died of illness the following year. It was Kawamoto Jujiro, who became professor at the Imperial University's Faculty of Medicine in 1889, who actually established the ophthalmology course.

Ophthalmology can be broadly divided into red eye clinics and white eye clinics. Red eye clinics are so named because inflammation occurs in the outer part of the eye, making the eye appear red. This is mainly caused by poor sanitary conditions, which cause dirt and bacteria to get into the eyes, resulting in conjunctivitis. Trachoma was rampant in Japan until the mid-Taisho period (around 1920).

In contrast, white eye outpatient refers to the appearance of eye symptoms such as decreased vision or narrowing of the field of vision, even though there is no visible abnormality. In recent years, many people who are well-nourished and obese have become obese, which makes them more susceptible to arteriosclerosis and increases blood pressure, which causes bleeding in the fundus and makes it difficult to see. The condition of the arteries in the brain cannot be seen from the outside, but since the blood vessels in the fundus are connected to the blood vessels in the brain, it is possible to infer the condition of the blood vessels in the brain by observing them. Even internists have begun to diagnose the state of hypertension by looking at the fundus. Diabetes causes bleeding mainly in the part of the fundus that sees things (the macula of the retina) (diabetic retinopathy), but this bleeding in the fundus is often used to diagnose diabetes. In addition, in chronic nephritis, a lesion called optic neuritis can appear in the fundus (proteinuric retinopathy), and it is said that if you get this disease, you will develop uremia or cerebral hemorrhage and die within a year. In severe cases of pregnancy toxemia, severe optic neuritis can occur, so fundus examinations are important as a guide to deciding whether or not to perform an abortion. Furthermore, systemic poisoning, such as methyl alcohol (methanol) poisoning, can cause acute optic neuritis and blindness. There are also other eye-specific diseases that are unrelated to the whole body, such as retinal detachment and glaucoma. In any case, in the White of the Eye Clinic, changes in the whole body often appear in the eyes, so fundus examinations can give a rough idea of ​​the overall condition of the body.

In addition, in ophthalmology, optometrists work under the direction of doctors to provide corrective training for people with binocular vision disorders such as amblyopia.

[Kuwabara Yasuji]

[Reference] | Orthoptist

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

眼科学ophthalmologyの診療科目名。眼科学は、眼球とその付属器(眼瞼(がんけん)、外眼筋、涙器など)の構造、機能、疾患などを研究し、その治療にあたる臨床医学の専門分科である。眼疾患の治療の歴史は紀元前にもさかのぼるが、眼科が外科から分離独立したのは19世紀で、実質的な発展は1851年のヘルムホルツによる検眼鏡発明などを契機としている。日本では延文(えんぶん)年間(1356~61)に、すでに眼科専門医(馬島(ましま)流眼科の始祖清眼僧都(せいがんそうず))が存在した。1815年(文化12)には杉田立卿(りゅうけい)が『眼科新書』を刊行しており、西洋眼科医学書の最初の訳書とされている。江戸末期には関東の土生玄碩(はぶげんせき)、関西の高良斎(こうりょうさい)が眼科医として知られた。近代眼科学は明治維新後にドイツ眼科学が採用され、東京の大学東校でB・C・L・ミュラーらのドイツ人教師が講義した。日本人の最初の眼科教授はドイツ留学から帰朝した梅錦之丞(きんのじょう)で、1884年(明治17)東京大学医学部の教授に就任したが翌年病没し、実質的に眼科学講座を開いたのは1889年帝国大学医科大学の教授に就任した河本重次郎である。

 眼科には大別して赤眼外来red eye clinicと白眼外来white eye clinicとがある。赤眼外来は、目の外眼部に炎症をおこして、外見上、目が赤くみえるのでこの名でよばれる。おもに衛生環境が悪く、汚物や細菌などが目に入って結膜炎などをおこすことによる。日本でも大正中期(1920年ころ)まではトラコーマが猛威を振るった。

 これに対して白眼外来は、外見上なんら異常がないのに視力が減退したり、視野が狭くなるなどの眼症状が現れるものをいう。高血圧による眼疾患についてみると、近年、栄養状態がよくて肥満になる人が多くなり、動脈硬化をおこしやすく血圧が上昇し、そのため眼底に出血をおこして物が見えなくなる。脳内における動脈の状態は外部からはうかがい知れないが、眼底血管は脳の血管とつながっているので、これを観察することにより脳内血管の状態を推測することができる。内科医でも、眼底を見て高血圧の状態を診断するようになってきた。糖尿病になると、主として眼底の物を見る部位(網膜黄斑(おうはん)部)に出血をきたす(糖尿病網膜症)が、この眼底出血から逆に糖尿病であることが診断される場合もしばしばある。また慢性腎炎(じんえん)のときに、眼底に視神経炎という病変が現れること(タンパク尿性網膜症)があり、この病気になると1年以内に尿毒症か脳出血をおこして死亡するといわれる。妊娠中毒の場合も重症になると高度の視神経炎がおこるので、中絶手術をするかどうかを判断する目安として眼底検査が重要視される。さらに全身の中毒、たとえばメチルアルコール(メタノール)中毒などは、急性の視神経炎をおこして失明する。そのほか、全身には関係なく眼固有の疾患として網膜剥離(はくり)や緑内障などがある。とにかく白眼外来においては、全身の変化が目に現れることが多いので、眼底検査によって全身の状態がだいたいわかる。

 なお、眼科では弱視などの両眼視機能障害者の矯正訓練などに、視能訓練士が医師の指示の下に従事している。

[桑原安治]

[参照項目] | 視能訓練士

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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