Official name: Republic of Mozambique. Area: 799,380 km2 . Population: 27.36 million (2017 estimate). The capital is Maputo. A country in the southeastern part of the African continent. It was called Portuguese East Africa before independence. It borders Tanzania, Malawi, and Zambia to the north, Zimbabwe, Eswatini, and the Republic of South Africa to the west, and faces the Mozambique Channel of the Indian Ocean to the east. The northern and western borders with Zimbabwe are mountainous, but the coastal areas are plains. The Zambezi River runs through the center, and the Limpopo River runs through the south, both flowing southeast into the Mozambique Channel. About three-quarters of the country is plateau savanna, and the climate is hot and humid rainy season from October to March north of the Zambezi River, cool dry season from April to September, and no clear seasons south of the river. The high altitude inland areas are relatively mild. Arabs had lived on the coast since ancient times, but in 1498 Vasco da Gama landed on Mozambique Island, and the Portuguese began to advance there. In 1875 Portuguese sovereignty over the Bay of Lourenço Marques (now Maputo Bay) was established, and Portuguese rule subsequently expanded from the coast to the inland areas. In 1891 the borders with the British territories of Nyasaland (now Malawi), Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia), Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), and the Republic of South Africa were demarcated. In 1942 it became a Portuguese territory, and in 1951 it became one of Portugal's overseas provinces. Since 1964 an independence movement has taken place mainly in the north, and after a fierce war for independence, the Portuguese government and the Mozambican Liberation Front concluded independence negotiations in September 1974, and a provisional government led by the Liberation Front was established, and the island gained independence as a People's Republic in June 1975. After that, the Liberation Front continued to rule as a one-party state, but in 1989 it abandoned Marxism and in 1990 introduced a multi-party system and became a republic. However, sabotage by anti-government guerrillas has resulted in large numbers of refugees. The main crops are cashew nuts, sugar, cotton, sisal, tea, wood, and coconut products. Coal is mined, but untapped deposits of iron ore, bauxite, manganese, diamonds, and asbestos have been discovered. Modern industry is found mainly in Maputo. The majority of the population are Africans of Bantu descent (→Bantu languages). The official language is Portuguese, but many Bantu dialects are also spoken. Mozambique |
正式名称 モザンビーク共和国 República de Moçambique。 面積 79万9380km2。 人口 2736万(2017推計)。 首都 マプト。 アフリカ大陸南東部の国。独立まではポルトガル領東アフリカと呼ばれていた。北はタンザニア,マラウイ,ザンビア,西はジンバブエ,エスワティニ,南アフリカ共和国と国境を接し,東はインド洋のモザンビーク海峡に臨む。北部と,西部のジンバブエとの国境沿いは山がちであるが,沿岸地方には平野が広がる。中央部をザンベジ川が,南部をリンポポ川がそれぞれ南東流してモザンビーク海峡へ注ぐ。国土の約 4分の3は高原サバナで,気候はザンベジ川以北では 10月~3月が高温多湿の雨季,4~9月が冷涼乾季であり,同川以南は季節は明瞭でない。高度の高い内陸部は比較的温和である。沿岸部には古くからアラブ人が居住していたが,1498年バスコ・ダ・ガマがモザンビーク島に上陸,以来ポルトガル人が進出し,1875年にはローレンソマルケス湾(現マプト湾)のポルトガル領有権が確立,その後,沿岸部から内陸部へとポルトガルの支配が広がった。1891年にイギリス領のニアサランド(現マラウイ),北ローデシア(現ザンビア),南ローデシア(現ジンバブエ)および南アフリカ共和国との境界が画定した。1942年にはポルトガル直轄地,1951年にはポルトガルの海外州の一つとなった。1964年以降北部を中心に独立運動が起こり,激しい独立戦争の末,1974年9月ポルトガル政府とモザンビーク解放戦線の間で独立交渉がまとまり,解放戦線を中核とする暫定政府が発足,1975年6月に人民共和国として独立した。以後解放戦線による一党独裁が続いたが,1989年マルクス主義を放棄,1990年複数政党制を導入して共和国となった。しかし反政府ゲリラの破壊工作などで大量の難民が生まれている。主産物はカシューナッツ,砂糖,綿花,サイザルアサ,チャ(茶),木材,ココナッツ製品など。石炭が採掘されているが,未開発の鉄鉱石,ボーキサイト,マンガン,ダイヤモンド,石綿などの鉱脈が発見されている。マプトを中心に近代的工業がみられる。住民の大部分はバンツー系(→バンツー諸語)のアフリカ人。公用語はポルトガル語だが,多くのバンツー方言が用いられている。 モザンビーク
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