Washington, George

Japanese: ワシントン（英語表記）Washington， George
Washington, George
Born: February 22, 1732, Westmorland, Virginia, USA
Died December 14, 1799. Mount Vernon, Virginia, USA. A soldier and politician during the founding of the United States. First president (in office 1789-97). Born into a wealthy planter family in northern Virginia, he became the official surveyor of Culpepper County at the age of 17. In 1753, he participated in the pacification of Native Americans, and in 1754, he led 150 Virginia militia troops into the Ohio River valley and fought against the French, but was defeated. In 1755, he participated in the attack on the French army at Fort Duquesne under the command of British General E. Braddock, but was defeated. In 1758, he cooperated with General J. Forbes and succeeded in taking Fort Duquesne. In 1759, he married M. Custis, a wealthy Virginia widow, and devoted himself to managing a plantation. After the Stamp Act of 1865, he strengthened his anti-British stance, and resented the loss of opportunities for land speculation in the west due to the Order in Council of 1873 and the Quebec Act of 1874, and decided to become independent. In 1874, the American colonies organized the Continental Congress to oppress the British, and the Second Continental Congress appointed him Commander-in-Chief of the Colonial Army on June 15, 1875. On July 4 of the same year, he promulgated the Declaration of Independence. In the spring of 1876, he succeeded in driving the British out of Boston. He moved to New York, where he suffered a series of losses, but retreated to New Jersey. In December 1876, he succeeded in surprise attacks on Trenton and Princeton, and seized a turning point for victory. However, he was criticized for spending the winter at Forge Canyon in the winter of 1877, and conspiracies were hatched to replace him. From August to October 1881, he led the American-French allied forces to capture Yorktown, and forced the surrender of British General C. Cornwallis. In 1882, he firmly rejected the movement to make him king, and in 1883, he returned to New York City in triumph with the American army and retired from military service. He then returned to his farm at Mount Vernon and spent four years managing his estate. In 1885, a conference on navigation rights on the Potomac River was held at his home, which triggered a sudden movement to establish a strong central government, and in 1887, the Constitutional Convention was held in Philadelphia, where he was elected president. In April 1889, he became the first president, and with A. Hamilton as Secretary of the Treasury and T. Jefferson as Secretary of State, he addressed domestic issues such as redemption of the public debt, financial stability, removal of British military bases, securing navigation rights on the Mississippi River, and subjugation of Indians, as well as complex foreign affairs surrounding the French Revolution. In 1897, he declined to run for a third term and retired to Mount Vernon, devoting himself to managing his estate. In 1898, he was again appointed commander-in-chief of the Provisional Army when war with France threatened, but the crisis was fortunately averted. He died of malignant laryngitis in 1899.

Washington
Washington, Denzel

Born December 28, 1954 in Mount Vernon, New York. Actor. His realistic acting has consistently been highly praised by critics and movie fans, helping to dispel the preconceived notion that African-American actors are not popular with white audiences. After graduating from Fordham University in 1977, he joined the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco. He made his film debut in the comedy film Carbon Copy (1981). He gained attention for his appearances in television dramas, and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in Cry Freedom (1987). He won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in Glory (1989), in which he played a freed slave fighting for the Union Army during the Civil War. In the 1990s, he honed his acting skills and became a leading actor. In Spike Lee's masterpiece Malcolm X (1992), he played a civil rights activist and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor. In Training Day (2001), he became the second African-American to win the Academy Award for Best Actor, after Sidney Poitier. He also began directing with Antwone Fisher (2002).

Washington
Washington, Booker T.

Born April 5, 1856 in Franklin, Virginia
Died November 14, 1915. Black educator from Tuskegee, Alabama, USA. Full name: Booker Taliaferro Washington. Son of freed slaves, he worked in coal mines and saltworks from an early age, but in 1872 he went to Hampton and, despite his struggle, graduated from the Agricultural Normal School in 1875. After completing two years of teaching practice and eight months of study at Wayland Seminary, he participated in an education program for American Indians. In 1881, he founded the Tuskegee Industrial Normal School, a normal school for blacks, and served as its first principal. In 1893, in the so-called "Atlanta Compromise," he called for a truce in the civil rights and political struggles, and instead appealed for efforts to be accepted by white society by working hard on vocational training and making it possible to provide services and goods needed by white society. This position was widely supported by whites, and Washington was considered the greatest black leader. He received an honorary master's degree from Harvard University in 1896 and a juris doctorate from Dartmouth College in 1901. His major work is Up from Slavery (1901).

Washington
Washington, Bushrod

Born June 5, 1762 in Westmorland, Virginia, USA.
Died November 26, 1829. Philadelphia, USA. American soldier and lawyer. Nephew of George Washington. Joined the colonial army in 1778 and fought in various places until the end of the Revolutionary War. After the war, he worked as a lawyer in Alexandria, Virginia. In 1890, he moved to Richmond. In 1898, he was appointed an assistant justice of the Supreme Court by President J. Adams, and served until 1829. He became the administrator of George Washington's estate and supervised the publication of J. Marshall's "A Life of Washington."

Washington
Washington, Martha

Born June 2, 1731 in New Kentucky, USA
[Died] May 22, 1802, Mount Vernon, Virginia, USA. Wife of G. Washington, the first President of the United States. Maiden name Dandridge. Married wealthy planter D. Custis in 1749. In 1757, she inherited his fortune upon his death. On January 6, 1859, she remarried Washington and lived in Mount Vernon with their two children. She was a good wife and fulfilled her duties as the first First Lady of the United States.

Washington
Washington

A city in the southwestern part of the Pennsylvania metropolitan area, about 40 km southwest of Pittsburgh, in the United States. It was established in 1910 by the merger of towns and villages, and became a city in 1924. It is currently the center of coalfields and agriculture, and is also home to industries such as steel and glass. Population 15,864 (1990).

Washington

Please see the Washington, District of Columbia page.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1732.2.22. アメリカ，バージニア，ウェストモーランド
[没]1799.12.14. アメリカ，バージニア，マウントバーノン
アメリカ建国期の軍人，政治家。初代大統領 (在任 1789～97) 。バージニア北部の富裕なプランター (大農場主) の家に生れ，17歳でカルペッパー郡の公認測量士となった。 1753年に先住民族インディアンの鎮撫工作にあたり，54年にはバージニア民兵軍 150人を率いてオハイオ川流域地方に進軍しフランス軍と交戦して敗北。 55年イギリスの E.ブラドック将軍の指揮下にデュケーヌ要塞に拠るフランス軍の攻撃に参加し敗退。 58年には J.フォーブス将軍に協力してデュケーヌ要塞攻略に成功。 59年バージニアの富裕な未亡人 M.カスティスと結婚，プランテーション経営に精を出した。 65年の印紙税法施行以後反英的立場を強め，73年の枢密院令と翌 74年のケベック法により西方への土地投機の機会を奪われて憤慨し，独立を決意。アメリカ植民地は 74年イギリス本国の圧政に対し大陸会議を組織し，第2回大陸会議によって 75年6月 15日全植民地軍総司令官に任命。同年7月4日にはアメリカ独立宣言を公布。翌 76年春ボストンからイギリス軍を追出すことに成功。ニューヨークへ転戦し連敗しながらニュージャージーへ退却。 76年 12月トレントンとプリンストンの奇襲に成功し，勝利への転機をつかんだ。一方 77年冬のフォージ渓谷の越冬宿営などで批判を受け更迭の陰謀もめぐらされた。 81年8～10月アメリカ＝フランス連合軍を指揮してヨークタウンを攻略，イギリスの C.コーンウォリス将軍を降伏させた。 82年彼を国王に擁立しようとする動きを断固拒否，83年アメリカ軍を率いてニューヨーク市に凱旋し，軍務を退いた。その後マウントバーノンの農園に戻り，4年間を所有地の管理に過した。 85年に彼の自邸で開かれたポトマック川航行権に関する会議をきっかけに，強力な中央政府設立の動きがにわかに高まり，87年にはフィラデルフィアで合衆国憲法制定会議が開かれ，その議長に選出された。 89年4月初代大統領に就任し，財務長官に A.ハミルトン，国務長官に T.ジェファーソンを据えて，公債の償還，財政の安定，イギリス軍基地の撤去，ミシシッピ川航行権の確保，インディアンの制圧などの国内問題やフランス革命をめぐる複雑な外交問題に取組んだ。 97年三選出馬を辞退してマウントバーノンに引退，所有地の管理に専念した。 98年フランスとの戦争の危機に際して再び臨時編成軍の総司令官に任命されそうになったが運よく危機は回避された。 99年悪性喉頭炎で死去。

ワシントン
Washington, Denzel

[生]1954.12.28. ニューヨーク，マウントバーノン
アメリカ合衆国の俳優。観客をひきつける迫真の演技で批評家と映画ファンの双方から一貫して高い評価を受け，アフリカ系アメリカ人俳優は白人受けしないという先入観の払拭に寄与した。1977年にフォーダム大学を卒業したのち，サンフランシスコのアメリカン・コンサーバトリー・シアターに加入。コメディ映画『ハロー，ダディ！』Carbon Copy（1981）で映画デビューを果たした。テレビドラマに出演して注目を集め，映画『遠い夜明け』Cry Freedom（1987）でアカデミー賞助演男優賞にノミネート。『グローリー』Glory（1989）では南北戦争の北軍で戦った解放奴隷を演じ，アカデミー賞助演男優賞を受賞した。1990年代に入ると演技力に磨きをかけ，主演俳優として活躍。スパイク・リー監督の大作『マルコムX』Malcolm X（1992）では公民権運動の活動家に扮し，アカデミー賞主演男優賞候補となった。『トレーニング・デイ』Training Day（2001）で，アフリカ系アメリカ人としてはシドニー・ポワチエに次ぐ 2人目のアカデミー賞主演男優賞に輝いた。『きみの帰る場所／アントワン・フィッシャー』Antwone Fisher（2002）で監督業にも乗り出している。

ワシントン
Washington, Booker T.

[生]1856.4.5. バージニア，フランクリン
[没]1915.11.14. アラバマ，タスキーギ
アメリカ合衆国の黒人教育家。フルネーム Booker Taliaferro Washington。解放奴隷の子で，幼少時から炭鉱や製塩所で働いていたが，1872年にハンプトンに行き，苦学しながら 1875年に農業師範学校を卒業。その後 2年間の教育実習と 8ヵ月のウェイランド・セミナリーでの勉学を終えて，アメリカインディアンに対する教育計画に参加。1881年に黒人のための師範学校，タスキーギ工業師範学校を設立し，初代校長を務めた。1893年，いわゆる「アトランタの妥協」において，公民権・政治闘争の休戦を呼びかけ，代わりに職業訓練に励み，白人社会の必要とするサービスや物資の提供を可能にすることによって白人社会に受け入れられるよう努力することを訴えた。この立場は白人の広い支持を得，ワシントンは最高の黒人指導者とみなされ，ハーバード大学から 1896年に名誉修士号，ダートマス・カレッジから 1901年に法律博士号を授与された。主著『奴隷より立ち上りて』Up from Slavery（1901）。

ワシントン
Washington， Bushrod

[生]1762.6.5. アメリカ，バージニア，ウェストモーランド
[没]1829.11.26. アメリカ，フィラデルフィア
アメリカの軍人，法律家。 G.ワシントンの甥。 1778年植民地軍に入り独立戦争終結まで各地を転戦。戦後バージニアのアレクサンドリアで弁護士として活躍。 90年リッチモンドに移住。 98年 J.アダムズ大統領によって最高裁判所判事補に任命され，1829年までつとめた。 G.ワシントンの遺産管理人となり，J.マーシャルの『ワシントン伝』の刊行を指導した。

ワシントン
Washington， Martha

[生]1731.6.2. アメリカ，ニューケンタッキー
[没]1802.5.22. アメリカ，バージニア，マウントバーノン
アメリカ初代大統領 G.ワシントンの夫人。旧姓 Dandridge。 1749年富裕なプランター (大農場主) D.カスティスと結婚。 57年夫の死によってその財産を継承。 59年1月6日，2人の子供を連れてワシントンと再婚しマウントバーノンに住んだ。よき伴侶として，また初代大統領夫人としての任務を果した。

ワシントン
Washington

アメリカ合衆国，ペンシルバニア州南西部，ピッツバーグ南西約 40kmの大都市圏に属する都市。 1910年町村合併によって成立，24年に市制をしいた。現在は炭田および農業地域の中心地で，鉄鋼，ガラスなどの工業も立地する。人口1万 5864 (1990) 。

ワシントン

「ワシントン・コロンビア特別区」のページをご覧ください。

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