Acetic acid fermentation - Sakusan fermentation

Japanese: 酢酸発酵 - さくさんはっこう
Acetic acid fermentation - Sakusan fermentation

This is a type of oxidative fermentation, and refers to the process in which alcohol is aerobically oxidized to acetaldehyde and then to acetic acid. The reaction can be expressed as follows:


Generally, when sake or beer is diluted with water and left in a warm place, a white film forms on the surface and the drink takes on a sour taste. This film is a collection of acetic acid bacteria, which were isolated in 1879 by Danish botanist EC Hansen (1842-1909) as Acetobacter aceti . Acetobacter is an aerobic bacterium that grows well on the surface of oxygen-rich liquids, and uses oxygen from the air to convert alcohol into acetic acid, resulting in a sour taste. The optimum temperature for acetic acid bacteria to grow is 20-30°C, and the substrate alcohol concentration should be within the range of 5-10%. If the concentration of the acetic acid produced exceeds 10%, the bacteria will die. Vinegar brewing is an industrial application of acetic acid fermentation, and has been known for a long time, along with alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. Acetic acid fermentation is carried out by a mixture of Acetobacter bacteria, and pure culture using a single bacterium is rarely used.

Brewed vinegar that has been fermented and aged in this way contains, in addition to the main component, acetic acid, various organic acids, amino acids, sugars, etc., and is used in various food processing applications.

[Ito Seiga]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

酸化発酵の一種で、アルコールを好気的に酸化し、アセトアルデヒドを経て酢酸にする過程をいう。その反応は次のように表すことができる。


 一般に、日本酒やビールなどを水で薄め、暖かい場所に静置すると、表面に白い皮膜ができ、酸味を帯びてくる。この皮膜は酢酸菌の集合体で、1879年にデンマークの植物学者ハンセンE. C. Hansen(1842―1909)により酢酸菌Acetobacter acetiとして分離された。酢酸菌は好気性細菌であり、酸素の豊富な液面でよく生育するばかりでなく、空気中の酸素を使ってアルコールを酢酸に変化させるため酸味を帯びてくる。酢酸菌の生育に最適な温度は20~30℃であり、基質であるアルコール濃度は5~10%の範囲内がよく、また、生成した酢酸濃度が10%以上になると菌は死滅する。食酢の醸造は酢酸発酵を工業的に応用したもので、アルコール発酵や乳酸発酵などとともに古くから知られていた。酢酸発酵はアセトバクター属細菌の混合菌により行われており、単独菌による純粋培養はほとんど普及していない。

 このようにして発酵生産され熟成させた醸造酢は、主成分である酢酸のほかに、各種の有機酸、アミノ酸、糖などを含み、各種の食品加工に用いられる。

[伊藤菁莪]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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