Generally, it means washing and purifying the body with water, but it is often used in a religious sense. One reason why bathing is considered a religious ritual is that it is seen as the same thing as washing away bodily impurities with water and exorcising the religious impurities that a person may have. Bathing is sometimes required after attending a funeral, and in Japanese shrines and Islamic temples there are bathing areas where you cannot enter unless you bathe first. The hand washing areas at modern Japanese shrines are a type of bathing area. For Hindus, bathing in the flowing waters of the Ganges is the greatest act of faith, and the Shugendo ascetic practice of being splashed under the water of a waterfall has a double meaning: enduring physical hardship and purifying the body for a long time with pure mountain water. Secondly, water has a symbolic meaning of transition and fusion. In other words, water often has the meaning of a force or medium that can move from a profane or impure state to a holy or pure state, or from a living state to a dead state, or from a non-human state to a human state, by touching the whole or part of the body with water. Fire is also considered in this respect. Water used in Christian baptism, water used for the first bath or lavage, water used to moisten the mouth of the deceased immediately after death, water drunk by a bride when she leaves her family home or enters her marriage home, and water from a cup when she departs on a journey are all thought to be able to smoothly transition from one state to another. Thirdly, places connected with water, such as rivers, seas, and springs, are considered sacred spaces, and it is believed that by bathing in such sacred places, religious impurities are removed. Therefore, bathing is not permitted anywhere, but sometimes bathing places are designated. In the fishing villages of Iki, Nagasaki Prefecture, the sea is still considered an extremely sacred space, and funeral attendees are required to immerse themselves in seawater up to their knees in winter and up to their necks in summer. [Emiko Namihira] [Reference] |The ghats (bathing places) stretch for 5km along the Ganges River in Varanasi, a holy place for Hindus. Believers purify themselves in the holy river Ganges, pray to the sun, and pray for the merits of purification and atonement. Varanasi, India ©Shogakukan "> Bathing in the Ganges Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
一般には水で身体を洗い清めることであるが、宗教的意味で用いられることが多い。沐浴が宗教的儀礼と考えられることの理由は、一つには、水で身体的汚れを洗い清めることと、その人がもっている宗教上の穢(けがれ)を祓除(ふつじょ)することとの同一視である。葬式に参列したあとの沐浴を義務づけたり、日本の神社やイスラム教寺院の前には沐浴場があり、入る前に沐浴しなければ中に入れない場合がある。現在の日本の神社にある手洗場は沐浴場の一種である。ヒンドゥー教徒にとってガンジス川の流れで沐浴することは最大の信仰的行為であり、修験道(しゅげんどう)の滝の水に打たれる修行は、肉体的苦行に耐えることと、山の清浄な水で長時間身体を清めることの二重の意味がある。 二つには、水がもっている移行と融合の象徴的意味による。つまり、身体全体またはその一部を水に触れさせることによって、俗的状態、汚穢(おえ)の状態から、聖なる清浄な状態へ、あるいは、生の状態から死の状態へ、人間的でない状態から人間の状態へ移行させる力ないし媒介としての意味を水がもっていることが多い。その点では火も同様に考えられている。キリスト教における洗礼の水や、産湯(うぶゆ)や湯灌(ゆかん)の水、死の直後に死者の口を湿す死に水、花嫁が実家を出るとき、または婚家に入るときに飲む水、旅立ちのときの水杯(みずさかずき)の水など、いずれも、ある状態から別の状態への移行を順調に行わせうると考えられている。 三つには、川や海や泉など、水と結び付いた場所が神聖な空間とみなされ、沐浴はそのような聖なる場所に身を置くことによって、宗教上の汚穢が取り去られると考えられていることである。したがって、どこで沐浴してもよいというのではなく、沐浴場所が指定されることもある。長崎県壱岐(いき)の漁村では、現在でも海はきわめて神聖な空間と考えられており、葬式の参列者は、冬は膝(ひざ)まで、夏は首まで海水に浸ることが義務づけられている。 [波平恵美子] [参照項目] |ヒンドゥー教徒たちの聖地ワーラーナシのガンジス川沿い、5kmにわたって連なるガート(沐浴場)。信徒は聖河ガンジスで身を清め、太陽に向かって祈り、潔斎や消罪の功徳を願う。インド ワーラーナシ©Shogakukan"> ガンジス川での沐浴 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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