Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels. They connect small arteries and small veins, and form a meshwork inside tissues and organs. They are about 8 micrometers in diameter, but some are so thin that red blood cells can barely pass through, and some are as thick as 30 to 40 micrometers. These thick capillaries are called sinusoidal capillaries, and are found in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, etc. The walls of capillaries are thin and made up of a single layer of squamous epithelial cells (called endothelial cells). There are two types of capillary walls: fenestrated (continuous) capillaries, in which the endothelial cells are arranged in a completely continuous manner, and fenestrated (hole) capillaries, in which the endothelial cell bodies are extremely thin (about 500 angstroms thick) and numerous small windows are formed through the cytoplasm. In addition, there are discontinuous capillaries, which have wide gaps between the endothelial cells. These capillaries have a wide lumen, and sinusoidal capillaries are of this type. Most of the capillaries in the body (muscle, skin, brain tissue, etc.) are continuous capillaries, while those in the small intestinal villi and endocrine glands are fenestrated capillaries. Many capillaries have cells called pericytes that surround the vascular wall in a cage-like shape. Pericytes are said to have a contractile function, but their exact state and function are unknown. Capillaries are important blood vessels that exchange substances between blood and surrounding tissues and cells. In this case, water and gas are exchanged by diffusion, filtration, osmosis, etc., and for some substances, the exchange is carried out by active transport of endothelial cells. The capillaries in the brain (fenestrated type) have significantly lower substance permeability than other capillaries, which is useful for a mechanism called the blood-brain barrier (the transfer of substances from blood to cerebrospinal fluid or from blood to the brain is not free, but is selectively regulated). The inner surface area of the capillaries in the human body is said to reach 6,000 square meters. [Kazuyo Shimai] [References] | | | | | | | | | |©Shogakukan "> Schematic diagram of the vascular system Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
血管のなかでは最小の構造をもっている血管。小動脈と小静脈とを連結する血管で、互いに連結して網目状になっており、組織や器官内部で、いわゆる毛細血管網を形成している。直径は約8マイクロメートルほどであるが、なかには赤血球がやっと通るほどの細い毛細血管もあるし、直径30~40マイクロメートルの太い毛細血管もある。このような太い毛細血管を洞様(どうよう)毛細血管(類洞)とよび、肝臓、脾臓(ひぞう)、骨髄などの毛細血管にみられる。毛細血管の壁は、単層扁平(へんぺい)上皮細胞(内皮細胞という)からできている薄い壁である。毛細血管壁には、この内皮細胞が完全に連続して配列する無窓(むそう)型(連続型)毛細血管と、内皮細胞体がきわめて薄くなり(厚さ500オングストロームほど)、その部分に細胞質を貫いて多数の小窓が形成される、いわゆる有窓型(有孔型)毛細血管とがある。このほか、内皮細胞間に広い間隙(かんげき)があいている非連続型毛細血管というのがある。この型の毛細血管は内腔(ないくう)が広く、洞様毛細血管はこの型である。 体の大部分(筋、皮膚、脳組織など)の毛細血管は連続型毛細血管で、小腸絨毛(じゅうもう)、内分泌腺などでは有窓型毛細血管である。多くの毛細血管にはその外側に周皮細胞という細胞が血管壁を籠(かご)状に取り囲んで存在している。周皮細胞は収縮機能をもつとされるが、確実な本態や機能はわかっていない。毛細血管は血液と周囲組織や細胞との間で物質交換を行う重要な血管であるが、その場合、水分やガスの交換は拡散、濾過(ろか)、浸透などによって行われ、物質によっては内皮細胞の能動輸送によって交換が行われる。脳の毛細血管(無窓型)は物質透過性が他の毛細血管に比べて著しく低いが、このことは血液脳関門(血液から髄液、あるいは血液から脳への物質の移行は自由ではなく、選択的に調整される)という機構に役だっている。なお、ヒトの全身の毛細血管の内面の面積は、6000平方メートルに達するとされる。 [嶋井和世] [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | |©Shogakukan"> 血管系の模式図 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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