Menden - Menden

Japanese: 免田 - めんでん

In ancient and medieval public lands and manors, fields that were exempt from all or part of the official property (kanmotsu), or annual tax, and public duties (kuji), or miscellaneous labor, that were to be paid to the kokuga or feudal lord. From the 10th century onwards, fields that did not pay tax came to be considered fields exempt from official property, and the concept of menden was formed. From around the 11th century, fields that were exempt from miscellaneous labor only also appeared. As manors and public lands were territorialized in the second half of the 11th century, menden that were exempt from both annual tax and public labor were established for each territory to cover the costs of managing the territory or to be used as remuneration for each position. The main ones were teraden (terrace land), kanda (temple land), ninkyumen (personal allowances and exemptions) for land stewards and manor officials, and iryomen (exemptions from well fees).
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Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:

古代から中世の公領・荘園で，国衙もしくは領主に納めるべき官物(かんもつ)すなわち年貢と，公事(くじ)すなわち雑役(ぞうやく)の全部または一部を免除された田地。10世紀以降租を出さない不輸(ふゆ)の田は官物を免除された田と考えられるようになり，免田の概念が形づくられた。11世紀頃からは雑役のみを免除された雑役免田も現れる。11世紀後半から荘園・公領の領域化が進むと，所領経営に必要な費用を賄い，あるいは各職務に対する報酬に充てるため，各所領ごとに年貢・公事とも免除された免田が設定された。主なものに寺田・神田，地頭・荘官などの人給免(にんきゅうめん)，井料免(いりょうめん)などがあった。
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