Meter prototype (English spelling)

Japanese: メートル原器 - メートルげんき(英語表記)prototype meter
Meter prototype (English spelling)
An artificial standard that defines the meter, the unit of length in the metric system. It lost its original meaning in 1960 when the definition of the meter was revised. This international prototype of the metre is a linear standard made of platinum-iridium alloy and is kept at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures. 1 m was defined as the distance (at 0 °C) between the centres of three lines inscribed near both ends of a rod with an X-shaped cross section designed to have minimal bending. In 1799, the Academie des Sciences in Paris, as the result of seven years of precise surveying, defined 1 m as 1/10 millionth of the length of one quadrant of the meridian passing through Paris, and produced a platinum end standard of this length as the first prototype of the metre and kept it in the Archives (archive). This prototype is called the Archives Prototype. In 1875, a new prototype was created in conjunction with the Metre Convention, and linear standards were adopted to avoid end standards that were prone to wear. It was already known at the time that the Archives prototype was 0.2 mm shorter than the meridian definition, but a new prototype was created from this prototype. Among the many new platinum-iridium alloy linear standards made in 1879, the one with the closest line length to the Archives prototype was designated the International Meter Prototype and approved at the 1st General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1889. Apart from the few kept at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures as proof standards, the remaining prototypes were distributed to member countries of the Meter Convention and became national prototypes. The Japanese Meter Prototype is called No. 22 and is kept at the National Metrology Institute of the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. However, at the 1960 General Assembly, the definition of the metre was decided to be based on the natural standard: "The metre is equal to 1,650,763.73 times the wavelength in a vacuum of light corresponding to the transition between the levels 2p10 and 5d5 of the krypton-86 atom." The prototype metre, which was estimated to take more than 1,000 years before any changes over time could be detected, lost its status as a prototype metre in just 71 years and became a secondary entity.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
メートル法の長さの単位メートルを定義する人工基準器。 1960年にメートルの定義改正によってその本来の意義を失った。この国際メートル原器は白金-イリジウム合金製の線度器であって,国際度量衡局に保管されている。曲りが最小であるように設計されたX形断面をもつ棒の中立面上の両端近くに刻まれた各3本線の中央線間の距離 (0℃における) で 1mが定義されていた。 1799年パリの科学アカデミーは7年に及ぶ精密測量の成果として,パリを通る子午線の1象限の 1000万分の1の長さを 1mと定め,最初のメートル原器として,この長さの白金製の端度器を作製してアルシーブ (記録保存所) に保管した。この原器はアルシーブ原器と呼ばれている。 1875年メートル条約に伴って新しい原器が作られることになり,摩滅しやすい端度器を避けて線度器が採用された。当時すでにアルシーブ原器が子午線による定義に比べて 0.2mmも短いことが知られていたが,この原器から新原器が作られることになった。 1879年に作製された白金-イリジウム合金製の多数の新線度器のなかから,線間の長さがアルシーブ原器に最も近い線度器が国際メートル原器に指定され,1889年第1回国際度量衡総会で承認された。証器として国際度量衡局に保管される数個以外の原器はメートル条約加盟国に配布されて各国原器とされた。日本国メートル原器は No.22と呼ばれ,産業技術総合研究所計量標準総合センターに保管されている。しかし,1960年総会において「メートルは,クリプトン 86原子の準位 2p10 と 5d5 との間の遷移に対応する光の真空中における波長の 165万 763.73倍に等しい長さである」との定義が自然の基準に準拠されることになり,経年変化が検知されるまでには 1000年以上かかると推定されていた原器はわずか 71年で原器の地位を去って副次的なものとなった。

出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報

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