Fisheries science - Suisanguku (English spelling) fisheries science

It is an applied science that studies the theory and technology for the sustainable capture, propagation, and utilization of marine organisms that inhabit the waters of the Earth, primarily as food resources for humankind. It mainly focuses on fields related to fisheries technology, such as fisheries science, which is about the design and operation of fisheries production means for the purpose of capturing useful organisms, aquaculture science, which is about artificially managing all or part of the life cycle of the target organisms and cultivating them in a planned manner, and fisheries utilization science, which is about the utilization and processing of the catch. However, it is based on the fundamental sciences of mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, and earth science, as well as the social sciences of economics and business management, and the field of fisheries science includes oceanography, marine meteorology, fisheries resources, resource analysis, fishing gear science, fishing ground science, fish schools, and other fields. These include behavioral science, aquatic ecology, fishing boat science, and fishery measurement science; the field of fisheries propagation includes ichthyology, aquatic biology, aquatic animal physiology, planktonic biology, aquatic propagation environment science, aquatic seedling science, aquatic genetics and breeding, fish pathology, aquatic propagation microbiology, fish feed science, and seaweed science; the field of fisheries utilization includes analytical chemistry, biochemistry, fisheries chemistry, inorganic seawater chemistry, fishery food chemistry, fishery industrial chemistry, polymer colloid chemistry, fishery microbiology, nutrition, and food hygiene; and general fisheries includes fisheries theory, fisheries regulations, and fisheries statistics. However, due to recent changes in the international situation and the influence of developments in molecular biology and information science, fisheries science is also rapidly changing.

It is relatively recent that fisheries science has been taught at higher educational institutions, with the first fisheries department at Tokyo Agricultural and Forestry School in 1887 (Meiji 20). After that, fisheries science was reorganized and abolished, and at the end of the Meiji period, fisheries science was continuously taught with the establishment of the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce Fisheries Training Institute (later Tokyo University of Fisheries, now Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology), the Fisheries Department of the College of Agriculture of Tohoku Imperial University (now Hokkaido University Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences), and the Fisheries Department of the College of Agriculture of Tokyo Imperial University (now the University of Tokyo Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences). Fisheries science made great strides after the founding of the Japanese Society of Fisheries Science in 1932 (Showa 7), which was brought together researchers related to fisheries.

As of October 2003, there are one university, four graduate schools, and five faculties related to fisheries, including national, public, and private institutions, and some universities also offer related courses. Some of the results include the use of acoustic fishing and fish finders, resource surveys in various sea areas, the production of fish sausages and frozen surimi, biologically active substances in marine organisms, the breeding of marine fish seedlings, the development of starter feed and mixed feed, pearl farming, the cultivation of Asakusa nori, wakame, and kombu, the elucidation of fish diseases, and the suppression of red tides by microorganisms.

[Haruo Sugita]

"Dictionary of Fisheries Science, edited by the Japanese Society of Fisheries Science (1989, Koseisha Kouseikaku)" ▽ "Aquatic Life Breeding Theory, by Takashima Fumio (1997, Seizando Shoten)" ▽ "Modern Fisheries Science, edited by the Publishing Committee of the Japanese Society of Fisheries Science (1994, Koseisha Kouseikaku)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

地球上の水域に広く生息する水産生物を、主として人類の食糧資源として永続的に採捕または増殖・利用するための学理と技術を考究する応用科学。有用生物の採捕を目的とする漁業生産手段の設計とその運用に関する漁業学、対象生物の生活史の一部または全部を人為的に管理し計画的育成を図るための水産増殖学、さらに漁獲物の利用加工に関する水産利用学などの水産技術に関連した分野が中心となるが、自然科学系の数学・物理学・化学・生物学・地学と社会科学系の経済学・経営学などを基礎学として、漁業学分野としては海洋学・海洋気象学・水産資源学・資源解析学・漁具学・漁場学・魚群行動学・水族生態学・漁船学・漁業計測学、水産増殖学分野としては魚類学・水産生物学・水産動物生理学・浮遊生物学・水産増殖環境学・水産種苗学・水族遺伝育種学・魚病学・増殖微生物学・養魚飼料学・海藻学、水産利用学分野としては分析化学・生物化学・水産化学・海水無機化学・水産食品化学・水産工業化学・高分子コロイド化学・水産微生物学・栄養学・食品衛生学、水産一般として水産原論・水産法規・水産統計学などの諸学が包含される。しかし近年の国際状況の変化や、分子生物学や情報科学の発展の影響を受け、水産学も急速に変貌(へんぼう)しつつある。

　これら水産学が高等教育機関で講じられたのは比較的日が浅く、1887年（明治20）東京農林学校水産科が最初で、その後改廃され、明治末に農商務省水産講習所（のち東京水産大学。現東京海洋大学）、東北帝国大学農科大学水産学科（現北海道大学大学院水産科学研究科）、東京帝国大学農科大学水産学科（現東京大学大学院農学生命科学研究科）が設置されて、継続的に水産学が講ぜられるようになった。水産学が飛躍的に進歩したのは1932年（昭和7）水産関係研究者を集めて結成された日本水産学会成立以降である。

　国・公・私立あわせ、2003年（平成15）10月現在、水産学関連高等教育機関として1大学校、4大学院研究科、5学部があり、このほか関連の講座を有する大学がある。音響漁法や魚群探知機の利用、各海域の資源調査、フィッシュソーセージおよび冷凍すり身の製造、海産生物の生理活性物質、海産魚の種苗育成、初期餌料(じりょう)および配合飼料の開発、真珠養殖、アサクサノリ・ワカメ・コンブの養殖、魚病の解明、微生物による赤潮の抑制などはその成果の一部である。

［杉田治男］

『日本水産学会編『水産学用語辞典』（1989・恒星社厚生閣）』▽『隆島史夫著『水族育成論』（1997・成山堂書店）』▽『日本水産学会出版委員会編『現代の水産学』（1994・恒星社厚生閣）』

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