Ignorance - Mumyō

Japanese: 無明 - むみょう
Ignorance - Mumyō

A Buddhist term. A translation of the Sanskrit avidya and Pali avidjā. Refers to ignorance of Buddhist truths such as the Three Dharma Seals and the Four Noble Truths, and is considered a synonym of moha. In early Buddhist scriptures, it is one of the three earthly desires, the four waterfalls, and the ten connections, and is considered the most fundamental earthly desire, as it is the first cause of suffering in human existence in the Twelve Links of Dependent Origination. In some of the major schools of later Hinayana Buddhism and in the Yogacara school of Mahayana Buddhism, mental phenomena are explained by the connection (correspondence) between the essence of the mind (mind) and many mental functions (mental factors), but even here, ignorance is considered to be one of the fundamental mental factors of earthly desires. In the Pali Theravada school, it is counted as the mental factor of all unwholesome minds, in the Sarvastāda school, it is counted as one of the major defilement-field-of-defilements method, and in the Yogacara school, it is considered to be one of the fundamental defilement-mental factors, and is considered to be an earthly desire that is always present when a defiled mind (defiled by earthly desires) arises. The Nichiren Buddhism treatise "Abdhisattva-Shastra" summarizes the teachings as follows: "Ignorance is failure to understand the Four Noble Truths, the Three Treasures of Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha, the causes of good and evil karma, and the fruits of karma," which gives us a new understanding that ignorance is ignorance of the truth of Buddhism.

[Kato Junsho]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

仏教の術語。サンスクリット語アビドヤーavidyā、パーリ語アビッジャーavijjāの訳語。三法印(さんぼういん)・四諦(したい)など仏教の真理に対する無知をいい、癡(ち)(モーハmoha)と同義語とみなされる。原始仏教経典では三漏(さんろ)、四瀑流(しぼる)、十結(じっけつ)などのおのおのの一つに数えられる煩悩(ぼんのう)であり、また十二縁起(えんぎ)においては人間存在の苦の因としてまず最初にあげられるので、根本的な煩悩と解されている。後の部派仏教のいくつかの有力な部派や、大乗仏教の瑜伽行(ゆがぎょう)派(唯識(ゆいしき)学派)では、精神現象を心の本体(心王(しんのう))と多くの心の作用(心所(しんじょ))の結び付き(相応(そうおう))によって説明するが、ここでも無明は根本的な煩悩の一心所とされている。すなわち、パーリ上座部では共一切不善心(ぐいっさいふぜんしん)心所、有部では大煩悩地法(だいぼんのうじほう)、瑜伽行派では根本煩悩心所のおのおの一つに数えられ、染汚(せんお)の(煩悩で汚れた)心が生ずるときはかならず存在する煩悩とみなされた。部派仏教の論書『倶舎論(くしゃろん)』に「無明は四諦、仏・法・僧の三宝、善悪の業因(ごういん)、業果(ごうか)を了知しないことである」とまとめられていることから、無明とは仏教の真理に対する無知であることが改めて理解される。

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出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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