Chest - Breast

Japanese: 胸 - むね
Chest - Breast

The part of the torso that follows the head is called the thorax, which continues to the abdomen at the rear. In most cases, the organs responsible for breathing and circulation are located in the thorax. Among vertebrates, in mammals, the head is clearly distinguishable, and the torso can be easily distinguished between the thorax, which is covered by ribs, and the abdomen, which is not covered. The inside of the torso is also divided by the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity, and the boundary between them is clear, but in amphibians and fish, it is difficult to determine the boundary. Even among invertebrates, arthropod insects have a clear distinction between the head, thorax, and abdomen, and the thorax contains the organs of locomotion for the legs and wings. In crustaceans and spiders, the thorax is fused with the head to form the cephalothorax. Vertebrates and insects have developed mobility, a front-to-back axis, and the central nervous system and major sensory organs are concentrated in the head, so it is thought that the circulatory and respiratory centers that support this are located in the thorax, which is connected to the head. In other invertebrates, the head and abdomen can be distinguished, but the thorax is not clearly defined, and the segmented structure is more noticeable. Furthermore, in species with low mobility or sessile species, it is difficult to distinguish between the head and abdomen.

[Masaru Wada]

Human Breast

In humans, anatomically, it refers to the chest, and its shape is formed by the bony thorax. When viewed from the surface of the body, there is the chest wall at the front, inside which is the thoracic cavity. The upper part of the chest continues to the neck, and the lower part to the abdomen. The boundary with the neck is a line connecting the upper edge of the sternum in the midline, the left and right clavicles and the acromion, and the boundary with the abdomen is a line connecting the xiphoid process and the left and right costal arches. The chest is divided into the anterior chest, lateral chest and posterior chest, and the anterior chest is further divided into the clavicle region, presternal region, pectoral muscle region, breast region, inframammary region and subcostal region. The lateral chest corresponds to the axillae, and the posterior chest corresponds to the back.

The bony part that forms the chest, that is, the thorax, is made up of the thoracic vertebrae, ribs, costal cartilage, sternum, and parts of the clavicle and scapula that belong to the upper limbs. The muscles that make up the chest wall are the pectoralis major and minor, which occupy most of the front, the internal and external intercostal muscles that fill the spaces between the ribs, and the serratus anterior on the outside. The depression on the upper edge of the sternum that touches the subcutaneous tissue at the midline of the lower end of the anterior neck is called the cervical notch, and below this, a slightly raised part touches the subcutaneous tissue. This part is called the sternal angle, and the second rib is attached to both ends of this sternal angle. These parts are important indicators when counting the number of ribs from the surface of the body. The sternum contains red bone marrow, which continues to produce blood throughout life even in adulthood, so it is the part used for bone marrow cell tests (bone marrow aspiration). A chest in which the entire sternum or the lower half of the sternum protrudes is called a pigeon chest, while a chest in which this area is sunken is called a funnel chest. A flat chest is when the entire front of the rib cage is flat. The breast area of ​​the chest is clearly defined in girls because the breasts are developed, but is not so clear in boys and children because the breasts are barely developed. The thoracic cavity inside the chest contains important organs such as the trachea and bronchi, lungs, heart, esophagus, thymus, thoracic duct, aorta and vein, vagus nerve, and sympathetic nerve. Below the organs in the thoracic cavity, the diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Thoracic breathing is thoracic cage movement caused by the contraction activity of respiratory muscles.

The position of the internal organs that project superficially onto the chest wall is important in clinical diagnosis. For example, the apex of the lung is located about 2 to 3 centimeters above the clavicle on the front of the chest. The apex of the heart hits the anterior chest wall as the heart beats (apical beat), which is generally located about 7 centimeters (about 4 finger widths) from the midline at the 5th intercostal space on the left side, and the heart beat can be felt by touching this area with your fingers. The right edge of the heart runs almost parallel to the right edge of the sternum about 2 centimeters from the right edge of the sternum, and the left edge coincides with the curved line that runs from about 1 centimeter away from the edge of the sternum to the location of the apical beat at the lower edge of the second left rib. When a doctor performs percussion or auscultation on the anterior chest wall, he or she does so at a location that is related to the anatomical surface projection of the internal organs.

One superficial chest disease is shingles, which is caused by the chickenpox/varicella-zoster virus causing inflammation in the spinal ganglia, resulting in redness of the skin and the formation of regularly-spaced blisters along with intense pain along the intercostal nerves.

[Kazuyo Shimai]

[Reference] | Human body

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

胴部のうち頭に続く部分を胸(胸部)とよび、後方で腹部に続く。たいていの場合、呼吸や循環をつかさどる器官が胸にある。脊椎(せきつい)動物のうち、哺乳(ほにゅう)類では頭部は明瞭(めいりょう)に区別できるし、胴部も肋骨(ろっこつ)で覆われた胸部と覆われていない腹部を容易に区別することができる。胴部の内部も、横隔膜によって、胸腔(きょうこう)と腹腔に分かれており、その境は明瞭であるが、両生類や魚類などではその境目の判定はむずかしい。無脊椎動物でも、節足動物の昆虫では頭部、胸部、腹部の明瞭な区別があり、胸には脚(あし)とはねの運動器官がある。甲殻類やクモ類では胸は頭部と癒合して頭胸部となる。脊椎動物や昆虫では運動能力が発達しており、体の前後軸があり、中枢神経系や主要な感覚器が頭部に集中するため、これを支える循環系や呼吸系の中枢が頭部に続く胸部に位置することになると考えられる。そのほかの無脊椎動物では頭部と腹部の区別はできるが、胸部とよぶものは明瞭ではなくなり、むしろ体節構造が目につく。さらに運動性の低い種や、固着性の種では頭部と腹部の区別もむずかしくなる。

[和田 勝]

ヒトにおける胸

ヒトの場合、解剖学的には胸部をいい、その形態は骨性の胸郭(きょうかく)によってつくられる。体表面から見ると、前面に胸壁があり、その内部は胸腔(きょうくう)となる。胸の上方は頸部(けいぶ)に続き、下方は腹部に続く。頸部との境界は正中部の胸骨上縁、左右の鎖骨および肩峰(けんぽう)を連ねた線で、腹部との境は剣状突起および左右の肋骨弓を連ねた線となる。胸部は前胸部、側胸部、後胸部に区分するが、前胸部はさらに鎖骨(さこつ)部、胸骨前部、胸筋部、乳房(にゅうぼう)部、乳房下部および下肋部に細区分される。側胸部は腋窩(えきか)部にあたり、後胸部は背(はい)部にあたる。

 胸部を形成する骨性部、つまり胸郭は、胸椎(きょうつい)骨、肋骨、肋軟骨、胸骨、および上肢(じょうし)帯に属する鎖骨と肩甲(けんこう)骨の一部からなる。胸壁を構成している筋は大・小胸筋が前面の大部分を占め、内・外肋間筋が肋骨の間を埋め、外側に前鋸(ぜんきょ)筋がある。前頸部の下端正中部で皮下に触れる胸骨上縁のくぼみを頸切痕(けいせっこん)とよび、この下方ではやや隆起した部分を皮下に触れる。この部分を胸骨角といい、この胸骨角両端の部分に第2肋骨が付着する。これらの部位は体表から肋骨数を数える場合に重要な指標となる。胸骨は、成人になっても、生涯、造血作用を続けている赤色骨髄を含むため、骨髄細胞の検査(骨髄穿刺(せんし))に利用される部分である。胸骨全体、あるいは胸骨の下半部が突出している胸を鳩胸(はとむね)といい、逆にこの部分が陥没したような状態の胸を漏斗胸(ろうときょう)という。また、胸郭の前面全体が扁平(へんぺい)な場合を扁平胸(きょう)という。胸部の乳房部は、女子の場合では乳房が発達するため、その部位は明瞭であるが、男子や子供では乳房がほとんど発達しないためあまり明瞭ではない。胸部の内部の胸腔には気管と気管支、肺、心臓、食道、胸腺(きょうせん)、胸管、大動・静脈、迷走神経・交感神経などの重要な臓器が収められている。胸腔内の臓器の下方には横隔膜が胸腔と腹腔との間を境している。胸式呼吸というのは呼吸筋などの収縮活動による胸郭運動である。

 胸壁に表在性に投影する内臓の位置関係は、臨床診断学では重要である。たとえば、胸前面で鎖骨の上方約2~3センチメートルの位置には肺尖(はいせん)がくる。また、心尖は心臓の拍動とともに前胸壁に当たるが(心尖拍動)、この位置は一般に左側の第5肋間で正中線から約7センチメートル(約4横指)のところで、この部位に指を触れると拍動を感じることができる。心臓の右縁は胸骨の右側縁から約2センチメートルのところを胸骨右側縁とほぼ平行に走り、左縁は左第2肋骨の下縁で、胸骨縁から約1センチメートル離れたところから心尖拍動の部位まで引くカーブの線に一致する。医師が前胸壁上で打診や聴診を行う場合には、このような内臓の解剖学的な体表投影部位と関連する部位で行う。

 なお、胸部の表在性の疾患として帯状疱疹(たいじょうほうしん)というのがある。これは水痘(すいとう)・帯状疱疹ウイルスによって脊髄(せきずい)神経節に炎症がおこり、肋間神経に沿って激しい痛みとともに皮膚の発赤と規則正しく配列した水疱形成がおこるものである。

[嶋井和世]

[参照項目] | 人体

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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