A sacred text that records the mystical philosophical theories of ancient India. It is also translated as "Mysterious Book" and is called Vedanta (the end of the Vedas, meaning the extreme) because it is the last part of the Vedas. There are well over 100 types of documents that bear the name Upanishad, ranging from those that date back to before 500 BC to newer works created after the 10th century. Of these, the following 14 works are generally referred to as the Old Upanishads. They are the six Upanishads written in old prose, Aitareya, Brihadāranyaka, Chandogya, Kausitaki, Taittiriya and Kena, the five written in verse, Katha (or Kataka), Isha, Śvetasvatara, Mundaka and Mahanarayana, and the three written in new prose, Prasna, Maitrayānīya and Māndukya. Chronologically, the old prose is the oldest, followed by the verse, and then the new prose. The Cāgareya and ārśeya are sometimes added to this. There are numerous other New Upanishads, but they are often classified into five types based on their content: (1) those that simply develop the content of the older Upanishads, (2) those that are like yoga as a meditation method, (3) those that are about wandering ascetics, (4) those that have the Hindu god Shiva as their principal principle, and (5) those that have the Hindu god Vishnu as their principal principle. The thought of the Old Upanishads is characterized by the idea of oneness, which establishes a monistic absolute being and becomes one with it through its recognition. The universal principle is often called Brahman, and the ultimate ideal is its oneness with the individual principle Atman (I). Also important is the new emergence of the idea of reincarnation, and it is important to note that the royal and warrior class (Kshatriya) entered the world of thought that had been monopolized by the Brahmins. There are many thinkers who appear in the ancient Upanishads, among which there are many important figures such as Uddalaka Aarni, who established the principle of "existence" (Sat), Yajnyavalkya, who tried to express the Absolute in negative terms, Shandilya, who emphasized the oneness of Brahman and Atman and the importance of intention, and Pravahana, who believed in the theory of reincarnation. The ideas of the Upanishads have had a great influence on later orthodox Brahmin philosophical schools, especially the Vedanta and Mimamsa schools. [Masataka Shoto] "The Complete Works of the Upanishads, supervised by Takakusu Junjiro, 9 volumes (1922-24, Sekai Bunko Publishing Association)" ▽ "The Mystical Thought of Ancient India, by Hattori Masaaki (Kodansha Gendai Shinsho)" ▽ "The Upanishads, translated by Sahota Tsuruharu (1979, Heikawa Publishing)" ▽ "The Intellectual Heritage of Mankind 2: Philosophers of the Upanishads, by Matsuto Seita (1980, Kodansha)" ▽ "The Collected Works of Tsuji Naoshiro I, edited by Iwamoto Yutaka, Tanaka Otoya, and Hara Minoru (1982, Hozokan)" [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
古代インドの神秘的な哲学説を記した聖典。「奥義書(おくぎしょ)」とも訳され、ベーダ聖典の最後部にあたるのでベーダーンタ(ベーダの末尾、極地の意)ともよばれる。ウパニシャッドの名をもつ文献は優に100種を超え、紀元前500年以前にまでさかのぼれるものから、10世紀以後につくられた新しいものまで雑多である。そのなかで一般に次の14編を古ウパニシャッドと称する。それらは、古い散文で書かれた『アイタレーヤ』『ブリハッド・アーラニヤカ』『チャーンドーギヤ』『カウシータキ』『タイッティリーヤ』『ケーナ』の6ウパニシャッド、韻文で書かれた『カタ』(または『カータカ』)、『イーシャー』『シュベーターシュバタラ』『ムンダカ』『マハーナーラーヤナ』の5編、さらに新しい散文による『プラシュナ』『マイトラーヤニーヤ』『マーンドゥーキヤ』の3編である。年代的には古い散文のものがもっとも古く、ついで韻文のもの、そして新しい散文のものと続く。さらに『チャーガレーヤ』と『アールシェーヤ』をこれに加えることもある。 これ以外の新ウパニシャッドはきわめて多数だが、内容によって、(1)古ウパニシャッドの内容を単に発展させたもの、(2)瞑想(めいそう)法としてのヨーガ的なもの、(3)遊行者(ゆぎょうしゃ)的なもの、(4)ヒンドゥー教の神シバを原理とするもの、(5)ヒンドゥー教の神ビシュヌを原理とするもの、以上の5種に分類されることが多い。 古ウパニシャッドの思想は、一元論的な絶対者を設定し、その認識を通じてそれと一体化するという、帰一思想を特徴とする。しばしば宇宙原理はブラフマン(梵(ぼん))とよばれ、個別的原理であるアートマン(我(が))との一体(梵我一如(ぼんがいちにょ))を究極的な理想とする。また、輪廻(りんね)思想が新たに登場してきたことも重要であり、バラモンに独占されてきた思想界に王侯武士階級(クシャトリヤ)が進出したことも見逃せない。 古ウパニシャッドに現れる思想家は多数に上るが、そのなかでも「有(う)」(サット)を原理としたウッダーラカ・アールニ、絶対者を否定的表現で示そうとしたヤージュニャバルキヤ、梵我一如と意向の重要性を強調したシャーンディリヤ、輪廻説のプラバーハナなど重要な人物が多い。そしてウパニシャッドの思想は、後世の正統バラモン系統の哲学派、なかでもベーダーンタ学派とミーマーンサー学派の思想に、大きな影響を与えている。 [松濤誠達] 『高楠順次郎監修『ウパニシャッド全書』全9巻(1922~24・世界文庫刊行会)』▽『服部正明著『古代インドの神秘思想』(講談社現代新書)』▽『佐保田鶴治訳『ウパニシャッド』(1979・平河出版社)』▽『松濤誠達著『人類の知的遺産2 ウパニシャッドの哲人』(1980・講談社)』▽『岩本裕・田中於菟彌・原実編『辻直四郎著作集Ⅰ』(1982・法蔵館)』 [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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