Statelessness - mukokuseki (English spelling)

Japanese: 無国籍 - むこくせき(英語表記)statelessness
Statelessness - mukokuseki (English spelling)

Not having the nationality of any country. Stateless persons are at risk of being placed in an unstable position in their place of residence, as there is no country that will exercise diplomatic protection. It is widely recognized that this should be prevented, and several treaties have been enacted. For example, Article 15, paragraph 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Article 24, paragraph 3 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights state that possessing nationality is a human right. In addition, Article 9, paragraph 1 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women provides for the prevention of statelessness for wives, and Article 7 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child provides for the prevention of statelessness for children.

A typical case where a stateless person occurs is when a child of a citizen of a country that follows the principle of jus sanguinis is born in a country that follows the principle of jus sanguinis. Normally, even countries that follow the principle of jus sanguinis allow their nationals to be granted nationality when the child of their national is born abroad. However, if a country requires that the parents have lived in the country's territory for a certain period of time, the child will be stateless if the parent does not meet this requirement and is born abroad. In the past, in Japan, a child born to an American father and a Japanese mother was not granted American nationality because the American served overseas as a military officer for a long period of time and did not meet the above-mentioned requirement of living in the United States. In addition, because the Japanese Nationality Law at the time followed the principle of jus sanguinis patrilinealis, the child was not granted Japanese nationality even though the mother was Japanese. In this case, a lawsuit was filed to confirm Japanese nationality, claiming that the Japanese Nationality Law violated the Constitution because it follows the principle of patrilineal jus sanguinis. However, the court ruled that the principle of patrilineal jus sanguinis has a reasonable purpose of preventing the occurrence of multiple nationalities and is not unconstitutional. However, following the ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, which provides for equal rights between men and women in passing on nationality to their children, the Nationality Act was amended in 1984 to introduce the principle of jus sanguinis, meaning that children no longer become stateless in the above-mentioned cases. For more information, see the "Nationality" section.

In addition, under private international law, when a person is stateless in cases where the law of the person's home country should be applied, the law of the person's habitual residence shall, in principle, apply (General Rules for Application of Laws Act, Article 38, Paragraph 2).

[Masato Michigauchi May 19, 2016]

[Reference] | Nationality

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

いずれの国の国籍も有さないこと。無国籍者は外交保護権を行使してくれる国がなく、居住地で不安定な立場に置かれるおそれがあり、その発生を防止すべきことが広く認識され、いくつかの条約も制定されている。たとえば、「世界人権宣言」第15条1項および「市民的及び政治的権利に関する国際規約」第24条3項で、国籍を保有することが人権の一内容をなすものとされている。また、妻の無国籍防止については、「女子差別撤廃条約」(女性差別撤廃条約)第9条1項、子の無国籍防止については、「児童の権利に関する条約」(子どもの権利条約)第7条にそれぞれ規定されている。

 無国籍者が発生する典型的な場合として、(出)生地主義をとる国の国民の子が血統主義をとる国で生まれる場合をあげることができる。通常は、生地主義をとる国でも、自国民の子が外国で生まれた場合にその国籍を子に与えることを認めているが、そのための要件として、その親が自国の領域内に一定期間以上居住していた経験があることを要求しているような場合には、その要件を欠く親の子が外国で生まれると、その子は無国籍となる。かつて日本でも、アメリカ人父と日本人母の間の子について、そのアメリカ人が軍人として海外勤務の期間が長く、前記のアメリカ居住期間の要件を欠いていたためにアメリカ国籍は与えられず、また、当時の日本の国籍法が父系優先血統主義をとっていたために、母が日本人であっても日本国籍が与えられないという結果となった事例について、父系優先主義である点で日本国籍法は憲法違反であるとの主張に基づき、日本国籍確認訴訟が提起された。しかし、裁判所は父系優先主義には重国籍の発生防止という合理的な目的があり、憲法違反ではない旨の判断を示した。ただし、その後、子に国籍を継がせる権利について男女平等にすることを定める女子差別撤廃条約の批准に伴い、1984年(昭和59)の国籍法改正によって父母両系血統主義が導入された結果、前記のような場合において子が無国籍となることはなくなった。詳しくは「国籍」の項参照。

 なお、国際私法上、本国法を適用すべき場合においてその者が無国籍者であるときには、原則として、その常居所地法によるとされている(法の適用に関する通則法38条2項)。

[道垣内正人 2016年5月19日]

[参照項目] | 国籍

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Mukojima Islands - Mukojima Islands

>>:  Mukogawa

Recommend

GAN - Global Area Network

《 global area network 》⇒ global area network GAN [...

Kankan (English spelling)

A town in eastern Guinea. It is located about 490 ...

Viceroy of India

…the highest governing official position in the f...

Oppolzer, E.

...(revised and expanded edition) is a compilatio...

Balinese

(See table.) Malay has inscriptions from the end ...

Hojo Tokiyuki

Year of death: Bunwa 2/Shohei 8.5.20 (1353.6.21) Y...

Korean Air [company] - Korean Air

KAL is an abbreviation of Korean Air Lines. It is ...

Sadanobu Fujiwara - Sadanobu Fujiwara

A nobleman and calligrapher in the late Heian per...

Christian - Charlie Christian

American jazz guitarist. Born in Dallas, Texas to...

External audit - Gaibukansa (English spelling) external audit

An audit by a third party independent of a compan...

Ophioplocus japonicus (English spelling) Ophioplocusjaponicus

…Most species are free-living, but many species l...

HVC Display - HVC Display

...Therefore, the higher the C value, the more vi...

Tamari (Tama) - Tamari

It is an abbreviation of misodamari or tamari soy ...

Jomini, Antoine Henri, Baron de

Born: March 6, 1779, Beau, Payerne [Died] March 24...

Amomum kepulaga (English spelling) Amomum kepulaga

...It is propagated by dividing the rhizome or by...