A special room designed for use in measuring sound, with sound reverberation small enough to be negligible. It is used for many purposes, such as acoustic measurements of speakers and microphones, measurements of noise generated by industrial machinery, precise measurements of human hearing, and measurements of the three-dimensional sensation of sound, and is important as a basic facility for sound measurement. In a general room, in addition to the sound emitted directly from the sound source, many components are reflected by the walls, including the floor and ceiling. Therefore, the distribution of sound inside becomes very complicated, making it unsuitable for sound measurement. An anechoic chamber is a chamber in which the walls, including the floor and ceiling, are covered with a material that has a high sound absorption capacity to eliminate sound reflection, creating a state that is acoustically equivalent to an infinitely large space, despite its finite size. In an ideal anechoic chamber, the sound emitted from the sound source only travels in the direction of radiation, and does not contain any reflected components. This state of sound is called a free sound field. Glass fiber is the most commonly used sound-absorbing material for walls. Glass fiber with a thickness of about 10 micrometers that is made into a cotton-like material has the property of absorbing sound well. If this is molded into a wedge shape, it is possible to prevent even a small amount of reflection from returning to the room. In an anechoic chamber, it is also necessary to prevent sound and vibration from entering from outside. For this reason, the outer wall of the sound-absorbing wall is made a solid wall with sufficient thickness, and if necessary, the inside, including the sound-absorbing wall, is made to float using vibration-isolating rubber, etc. The larger the volume of the anechoic chamber, the larger the space that can be used as a free sound field, so it is desirable to make it as large as circumstances permit. [Akiyoshiro Yoshikawa] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
音の測定に用いるために、室内での音の反響を無視できるほど小さく設計した特別の室。スピーカーやマイクロホンなどの音響測定、産業機械から発生する騒音の測定、人間の聴力の精密測定、音の立体感覚の測定など、多くの目的に使用され、音の測定の基本的施設として重要である。 一般の室では、音源から直接放射された音のほかに、床や天井を含む壁面で反射される多くの成分を含む。そのため、内部の音の分布状態が非常に複雑になり、音の測定には向かない。無響室は、床や天井を含む壁面を吸音力の大きな材料で覆うことにより音の反射をなくし、有限のスペースでありながら音響的には無限の広さをもった空間と等価な状態をつくるものである。理想的な無響室では、音源から放射された音は放射方向に伝わるだけで、反射してくる成分を含むことはない。このような音の状態を自由音場(おんじょう)とよぶ。壁面に使用する吸音材としてもっともよく使われるのはガラス繊維である。太さ10マイクロメートル前後のガラス繊維を綿状にしたものは、音をよく吸収する性質がある。これを楔(くさび)型に成形すると、微量の反射があっても室内に戻ってこないようにすることができる。無響室では、室外からの音や振動が入ってこないようにする必要もある。このため吸音壁の外側の外壁は十分の厚さをもった剛壁とし、また必要に応じて吸音壁を含めた内部を防振ゴムなどを用いて浮かせるなどのくふうがとられる。無響室は容積が大きければ大きいほど、自由音場として使える空間が広くなるので、事情が許す限り大きいことが望ましい。 [吉川昭吉郎] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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