Mido Kanpakuki - Mido Kanpakuki

This is the diary of Fujiwara no Michinaga. It is also called "Hojoji Sesshoki," "Mido Nikki," and "Nyudono Gonikki." It is called this because Michinaga built Hojoji Temple in his later years and was called Midoden and Midokanpakuden. However, Michinaga became an internal official, regent, and Daijo Daijin but not a regent, so technically the name "Midokanpakuki" is incorrect, but it has become the common name since it was used for various versions from the Edo period. It is said that 36 volumes existed in the late Heian period, but the extant version written by Michinaga himself is 14 volumes (2 volumes per year). The diary was written in the Guchu-reki style, and his easygoing personality is clearly reflected in his handwriting, which is full of phonetic characters, omitted characters, typos, repeated characters, smears, side notes, omissions, and mistakes.

It is a diary covering the period from 998 (Chotoku 4) to 1021 (Kannin 5), but there are very few entries after he became a monk in 1019. In addition, there are seven fragments called "Mido Goki Sho" which are excerpts from this book, and among these there is an excerpt from "Chotoku Gannenki," so it is clear that the diary began in 995, three years before the extant year, when Michinaga was 30 years old, and it is a diary that mainly records his life as a politician until he became a monk at the age of 56 (although there are some entries for the year he became a monk, the year after, and the year after that). It contains detailed descriptions of the daily lives of the three emperors Ichijo, Sanjo, and Goichijo as ministers of the left and chamberlains, and is particularly detailed on the details of the ceremony in 1016 (Chowa 5) when Emperor Goichijo, the grandson by marriage, ascended to the throne at the age of nine and became regent, and the ceremony in 1018 in which the third daughter, Ishi, was made empress (Goichijo Chugu). In the latter ceremony, the section entitled "Yomi Waka" refers to the poem "Kono yo ba waga yo to zo omofu mochizuki no..." (This poem is not found in the Mido Kanpakuki but can be found in the Shoyuki). It also contains detailed descriptions of the ceremony in which the eldest daughter, Shoshi (Ichijo Chugu) and the second daughter, Kenshi (Sanjo Chugu), were made empress, and the birth of Shoshi's son, Prince Atsushi (Emperor Goichijo). Furthermore, a thorough reading of the Mido Kanpakuki makes it clear that the regent government represented by Michinaga was not a mandokoro government.

The 14 volumes of the original handwritten version are kept at the Kyoto Yomei Bunko, and the same collection also houses 12 volumes of ancient manuscripts (one volume per year; the other two volumes with fewer articles cover several years), both of which are designated as national treasures. The author of the ancient manuscripts was said to be Michinaga's eldest son, Yorimichi, but there is little evidence to support this, and it is believed to have been Yorimichi's son, Morozane, or Morozane's adopted son, Tadazane. There are also many copies from the Edo period (Yomei Bunko, the Archives and Mausolea Department of the Imperial Household Agency, Kyoto University, etc.). It is included in the Dai Nihon Kokiroku (Dai Nihon Koten Zenshu), the Complete Works of Japanese Classics (printed versions), and the Yomei Sosho (facsimile versions). In 2013, it was registered as a Memory of the World (now the Memory of the World) by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).

[Yutaka Yamanaka]

Abe Akio, "On the Diary of Fujiwara no Michinaga" (collected in the Proceedings of the Japan Academy, 1950, Japan Academy) ▽ Yamanaka Yutaka, "Fujiwara no Michinaga in the Mido Kanpakuki" (collected in Heian Jinbutsu Shi, 1975, University of Tokyo Press) ▽ Yamanaka Yutaka (ed.), "Complete Annotation of the Mido Kanpakuki (1st Year of the Kannin Era)" (1985, Kokusho Kankokai)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

藤原道長の日記。『法成寺摂政記(ほうじょうじせっしょうき)』『御堂日記』『入道殿御日記』などともいう。道長が晩年、法成寺を建立し、御堂殿、御堂関白殿とよばれたことによる呼称である。しかし道長は、内覧、摂政(せっしょう)、太政(だいじょう)大臣にはなったが関白にはなっていないので、『御堂関白記』の名称は、正確にいえば誤りであるが、江戸時代の諸本に用いて以来通称となっている。平安末期には36巻が存したというが、現存の道長自筆本は、14巻（1年2巻）である。日記は具注暦(ぐちゅうれき)に書かれ、おおらかな彼の性格が筆跡に明瞭(めいりょう)に表れており、当て字、脱字、誤字をはじめ、重ねて字を書くところ、塗抹(とまつ)、傍書、省略、転倒なども多い。

　998年（長徳4）から1021年（寛仁5）までの日記であるが、1019年出家後は記事もきわめて少ない。そのほか、本書を抄出した『御堂御記抄』と称する7種の断簡があり、そのなかに、『長徳(ちょうとく)元年記』の抄出も存することから、日記は現存より3年前の995年、道長の30歳より始まっていることが明らかであり、56歳で出家するまでの政治家としての生活を主に記した日記である（出家の当年、翌年、翌々年は、多少の記述がある）。一条(いちじょう)、三条(さんじょう)、後一条(ごいちじょう)の3天皇の時代にわたり、左大臣、内覧としての生活状態を事細かに書いており、1016年（長和5）外孫の後一条天皇が9歳で即位し、摂政となったときの儀式の次第、1018年、三女威子(いし)立后（後一条中宮）の儀の記述などはとくに詳しく、後者の儀に「余読和歌」とあるのが、「この世をばわが世とぞおもふ望月(もちづき)の……」の歌にあたる（その和歌は『御堂関白記』には書かれず『小右記(しょうゆうき)』にみえる）。また長女彰子(しょうし)（一条中宮）、次女妍子(けんし)（三条中宮）の立后の儀式、彰子所生の敦成(あつひら)親王（後一条天皇）の誕生の記述も詳細である。なお、道長を代表とする摂関政治は政所(まんどころ)政治ではないということが、『御堂関白記』を通読することからも明らかになる。

　現存の自筆本14巻は、京都陽明文庫に存し、同じく古写本12巻（1年1巻。記事の少ない2巻は数年分を1巻とする）も同蔵、ともに国宝に指定されている。古写本の筆者は道長の長男頼通(よりみち)とされていたが、根拠は少なく、頼通の子師実(もろざね)か師実の猶子(ゆうし)忠実(ただざね)かであろうといわれている。江戸時代の諸本も多い（陽明文庫、宮内庁書陵部、京都大学蔵など）。『大日本古記録』『日本古典全集』（活字本）、『陽明叢書(そうしょ)』（影印本）に収録。2013年（平成25）、国連教育科学文化機関（ユネスコ）の世界記憶遺産（現、世界の記憶）に登録された。

［山中　裕］

『阿部秋生「藤原道長の日記について」（『日本学士院紀要』所収・1950・日本学士院）』▽『山中裕著『「御堂関白記」の藤原道長』（『平安人物志』所収・1975・東京大学出版会）』▽『山中裕編『御堂関白記全註釈（寛仁元年）』（1985・国書刊行会）』

出典　小学館　日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について　情報 | 凡例