Clearing house

Japanese: 手形交換所 - てがたこうかんじょ(英語表記)clearing house
Clearing house

In an era when the payment system was heavily dependent on paper checks and bills, these facilities were expected to improve efficiency by centralizing payments in a region. In Japan, they are established and operated by local bank associations. The oldest bill clearing house in the world was established in London in 1773, and in Japan it was established as early as 1879 (Meiji 12).

Nowadays, with the dramatic improvement of communication technology and computer technology used in information processing, payment methods have evolved from paper to electronic, and payments have been concentrated on a national network rather than in local areas, which has reduced the role of bill clearing houses. For this reason, it is important to look at the payment system as a whole rather than individual bill clearing houses. Currently, Japan's payment systems are broadly divided into the Bank of Japan system run by the Bank of Japan and private payment systems. The latter was previously made up of three systems: a bill clearing system based mainly on local areas, a domestic foreign exchange clearing system known as the Zengin system, and a foreign exchange clearing system, but with the revision of the Foreign Exchange Law in 1998, yen settlement of foreign exchange was incorporated into the Bank of Japan system.

Bills and checks are exchanged at the bill clearing house at specific times in the morning and afternoon, after being tallied by the sending bank. The balance of the exchange is calculated for each bank, and the settlement is made by transferring the deposits of financial institutions at the Bank of Japan from the paying bank (exchange loss) to the receiving bank (exchange win).

[Nori Ishino]

[Reference] | Bill Clearing

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

決済システムが小切手・手形の紙片に多くを依存する時代において、決済を地域的に集中することで効率化を期待した施設。日本では、各地の銀行協会が設置・運営している。世界で一番古い手形交換所は、1773年にロンドンに設けられ、日本でも早く1879年(明治12)に設けられた。

 今日では、通信技術や情報処理に使用されるコンピュータ技術が飛躍的に向上し、決済手段は紙から電子へと発展し、地域への決済集中から全国ネットへ集中されることにより、手形交換所の役割は低下している。そのため、個々の手形交換所よりも全体としての決済システムをみることがたいせつである。現在、日本の決済システムは、日本銀行による日銀システムと民間決済システムに大別される。後者は従来、地域を主体とする手形交換システム、全銀システムとよばれる内国為替(かわせ)交換システム、外国為替交換システムの三つのシステムから構成されていたが、1998年(平成10)外為法改正により外国為替の円決済は日銀システムに組み込まれている。

 手形交換所の手形・小切手の交換は、午前と午後の特定の時間に仕向け銀行ごとに集計され、交換される。銀行ごとに交換尻が計算され、その決済は、支払行(交換負け)から受取行(交換勝ち)へ日銀の金融機関預金の振替えで決済される仕組みで行われる。

[石野 典]

[参照項目] | 手形交換

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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