Woodward-Hoffmann rule

Japanese: ウッドワード=ホフマン則 - ウッドワード=ホフマンそく(英語表記)Woodward-Hoffmann rule
Woodward-Hoffmann rule
This law is also called the law of conservation of orbital symmetry. It was first published in 1965 by R.B. Woodward and R. Hoffman, and has been further expanded by group theoretical methods. This law makes it possible to provide a unified and predictable explanation for one-step reactions that do not involve intermediates that can be approximated as stationary states, such as the Diels-Alder reaction and the Cope rearrangement. The basic law is that "in a concerted reaction (elementary reaction), when a molecule with a certain symmetry element produces a molecule with the same symmetry element, the symmetry of the molecular orbital is preserved throughout the reaction process." In other words, "in a concerted reaction, the molecular orbital of the reacting system must correlate with the molecular orbital of the product system with the same symmetry." For example, in the intramolecular cyclization reaction of cis-butadiene to cyclobutene, if we assume that the planarity of the carbon skeleton is maintained in the product system, the symmetry elements that are preserved throughout the reaction process differ depending on the stereochemistry of the reaction. That is, when the terminal methylene groups rotate in the same direction to form a cyclobutene (conrotatory), a symmetry element called a two-fold axis exists, and when they rotate in the opposite direction to form a cyclobutene (disrotatory), a plane of symmetry exists. If the molecular orbitals of the bonds involved in the reaction are arranged in order of energy level from lowest to highest, and classified as symmetric or antisymmetric with respect to the symmetry plane and the two-fold axis, respectively, and the levels of the same symmetry are correlated according to the non-crossing rule, in the conrotatory reaction, the ground state of butadiene is correlated with the ground state of cyclobutene, and the reaction occurs by heat (thermally allowed), and in the disrotatory reaction, the ground state is correlated with the lowest excited state of cyclobutene, and a photochemical reaction is allowed (thermally forbidden). This is in perfect agreement with the experimental results when different substituents are introduced into the methylene groups. In this way, the state correlation gives a general selection rule for peripheral cyclic reactions (one-step reactions via a cyclic transition state) such as intramolecular cyclization reactions, cycloaddition reactions, sigmatropic reactions, and cheletropic reactions. Similar treatments include the frontier orbital method proposed by Kenichi Fukui and the Zimmerman and Dewar methods based on the aromaticity of peripheral cyclic transition states.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
軌道対称性の保存則ともいう。 1965年,R.B.ウッドワードおよび R.ホフマンによってその端緒が発表され,さらに群論的方法により拡張された。この法則により,ディールス=アルダー反応やコープ転位など定常状態近似できるような中間体を経ない一段階反応に,統一的かつ予測性のある説明を与えることが可能になった。その基本法則は「協奏反応 (素反応) において,ある対称要素をもつ分子から同じ対称要素をもつ分子が生成する場合には,反応の過程を通して分子軌道の対称性は保存される」つまり「協奏反応においては,反応系の分子軌道は生成系の同じ対称性をもつ分子軌道と相関しなければならない」というもの。たとえばシスブタジエンからシクロブテンへの分子内環化反応では,炭素骨格の平面性が保たれたまま生成系になると仮定すれば,反応の過程を通して保存される対称要素は反応の立体化学によって異なる。すなわち,末端のメチレン基が同じ方向に回転して (同旋的) シクロブテンになる場合には,2回回転軸という対称要素が存在し,反対方向に回転して (逆旋的) シクロブテンになる場合には対称面が存在する。反応に関与する結合の分子軌道をエネルギー準位の低いものから順に並べ,それぞれ対称面および2回回転軸に関する対称操作について対称なもの,反対称なものに分類し,非交差則に従って同じ対称性の準位同士を相関させると,同旋的反応では,ブタジエンの基底状態とシクロブテンの基底状態が相関しており,熱で反応が起り (熱的許容) ,逆旋的反応では,シクロブテンの最低励起状態と相関があり,光化学反応が許容である (熱的禁制) 。これはメチレン基に異なる置換基の入った場合の実験結果と完全に一致している。このようにして,状態相関により分子内環化反応,付加環化反応,シグマトロピー反応,キレトロピー反応などの周辺環状反応 (環状遷移状態を経る一段階反応) の一般的選択律が得られる。類似の取扱いに福井謙一のフロンティア軌道法や周辺環状遷移状態の芳香族性を基にしたチンメルマン法やジュワー法がある。

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