Italian author. Together with Leopardi and Foscolo, he represents the period of national unification (Risorgimento) and the period of Romanticism. Born in Milan on March 7th. His father was from a count's family in Lecco, a town on Lake Como, and his mother was the daughter of Cesare Beccaria, who wrote Crimes and Punishments and built the foundations of modern criminal law. (However, there is a theory that Alessandro's real father was Giovanni, one of the Belli brothers, famous literary figures.) In order to gain an education befitting his origins, Manzoni entered a boarding school run by a Catholic religious order. In 1792, his mother Giulia left his father and moved to Paris to live with Carlo Imbonati, an aristocrat with whom he had been close for a long time. In 1801, he wrote the short poem "The Triumph of Liberty," inspired by the ideas of the French Revolution. In 1805, as was common among the children of the upper classes at the time, he went to Paris, where he lived with his mother for five years. The poem "On the Death of Carlo Imbonati" (1806), which he wrote there, is a testament to the young Manzoni's poetic talent. He had fruitful contact with the "Enlightenment" cultural environment after the Revolution, including the literary salon of Madame Condorcet, and in particular, developed a long-lasting friendship with the historian Claude Fauriel (1772-1844), a driving force behind Romanticism. After losing his father in 1807, in February 1808, he married 17-year-old Enriquetta Blondel, the daughter of a Genevan businessman, in a Calvinist ceremony, which was the religion of the family. This marriage marked a turning point in his life, triggering what is known as his "conversion" to Catholicism. Manzoni had been cold and indifferent to Catholic doctrine since his youth, but after his conversation with the Jansenist priest Father Degola during his stay in Paris and his first child being baptized in a church, the couple held a second wedding ceremony in a Catholic church in February 1810. The young and devout wife converted to Catholicism. It is generally believed that Manzoni's "conversion" took place in 1810, although many points remain unclear. Through this "conversion," rather than acquiring a faith, he secured a foundation on which to base himself in life and literature. After returning to his homeland in 1910 accompanied by his mother, he lived a quiet life secluded from the secular world, either in Milan or at the villa in Brusuglio left by Imbonati, devoting himself entirely to his studies, writing and publishing. The years between 1812 and 1827 were his most fertile, during which he composed most of his major works: four of the "Honours" (1812-15), which are the clearest evidence of his "conversion", two masterpieces of historical tragi-poesia, "The Count of Carmagnola" (1820) and "The Adelchi" (1822), two odes, "March 1821" and "The Fifth of May" (1821), on the death of Napoleon, and "Milanese texts of the seventeenth century, discovered and rewritten by A. Manzoni". These works include the conception and completion of the first draft of a historical novel (Fermo and Lucia, written 1821-23), the precursor to the masterpiece that would go on to make Manzoni's name known in world literary history under the title The Betrothed, as well as the apologetic work Reflections on Catholic Ethics (1818-19) and On Romanticism (1823), in the form of a letter addressed to the Marquis D'Azeglio. After publishing the first edition of The Betrothed in 1827, he went to Florence, where he became acquainted with great literary figures of the time, such as Leopardi and Gino Capponi (1792-1876). It is also important to note that he was deeply influenced by Antonio Rosmini-Serbati (1797-1855), a priest and philosopher, whom he had known for 27 years. Manzoni's literary activities became less frequent over the years, despite the positive reception of The Betrothed and the growing respect for the author, and instead his interests became more philosophical, critical, and linguistic. After Fermo and Lucia, 27 years after the first edition was published, until the definitive edition was published in separate volumes from 1840 to 1842, he devoted himself exclusively to the study of historical novels and to a review of the language of The Betrothed. In real life, Manzoni's later years were shrouded in the shadow of successive deaths, having lost his wife Enrichetta in 1833, his mother in 1841, six of his eight children to early deaths, and his second wife in 1861. In 1861, he was appointed to the honorable position of Senator of the unified Kingdom of Italy, and went to the first Congress in Turin despite his illness. Compared to Foscolo, who collapsed in exile in London while busy with actual activities, this action speaks to the position and role of Manzoni, a Catholic liberal and "national writer" revered as a kind of intellectual symbol by the leaders who promoted Italian unification. He died in Milan on May 22, 1873. [Hiroto Koga] "Hirakawa Sukehiro's The Betrothed (1989, Kawade Shobo Shinsha)" ▽ "Natalia Ginzburg, translated by Suga Atsuko, The Manzonis (1988, Hakusuisha)" Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
イタリアの作家。レオパルディ、フォスコロとともに、イタリアの、政治的には国家統一(リソルジメント)期、文化的にはロマン主義の時代を代表する。3月7日にミラノで生まれる。父はコモ湖の町レッコの伯爵家の出、母は、『犯罪と刑罰』を著して、近代刑法学の礎(いしずえ)を築いたチェーザレ・ベッカリーアの娘という由緒ある家柄であった(ただし、アレッサンドロの実の父親は、著名な文学者のベッリ兄弟の一人ジョバンニであったとの説がある)。出自にふさわしい教養をつけるべく、マンゾーニはカトリック修道会の寄宿学校に入った。1792年に母ジューリアは父と別れ、以前から親しかった貴族のカルロ・インボナーティとともにパリへ出て同棲(どうせい)した。1801年、フランス革命の思想に鼓吹された短詩『自由の勝利』を書く。1805年には、当時の上流子弟の常でもあったが、パリへ赴き、5年にわたって母親と暮らした。同地で書いた詩『カルロ・インボナーティの逝去に際して』(1806)は、若きマンゾーニの詩才を証(あか)すものであった。マダム・コンドルセの文芸サロンをはじめ、大革命後の「啓蒙(けいもう)主義的」文化環境と実りある接触を果たし、なかでもロマン主義の推進役であった歴史学者のフォリエルClaude Fauriel(1772―1844)とは、その後も長く続く親交をもった。 1807年に父を失ったあと、1808年2月、ジュネーブの実業家の息女で17歳のエンリケッタ・ブロンデルと、同家の宗旨であるカルバン派の祭式にのっとって結婚するが、この結婚は、彼のいわゆるカトリックへの「回心」を誘発する生涯の転回点となった。若年からカトリック教義には冷淡で無関心なマンゾーニであったが、パリ滞在中のジャンセニスムの神父デーゴラとの対話と、また第1子が教会で洗礼を受けたことから、10年2月に夫妻は改めてカトリック教会で結婚式を挙げ直した。若い敬虔(けいけん)な妻はカトリックへ帰依(きえ)した。こうして10年にはマンゾーニの「回心」が行われたというのが、なお不明な点を多く残しながらも定説となっている。この「回心」によって、彼は信仰を獲得したというよりも、人生と文学に対して己の拠(よ)って立つ基盤を確保した。10年に母を伴って故国へ帰ってからは、ミラノで、あるいはインボナーティの残したブルスーリオの別荘で、俗界とは没交渉の静穏な生活を送り、勉学と創作と出版とにすべてを傾けた。 1812年から27年にかけては、主要な作品のあらかたを創作した、もっとも豊饒(ほうじょう)な歳月であった。すなわち、「回心」の端的な証拠たる『聖頌(せいしょう)』のうちの4編(1812~15)、歴史ものの詩悲劇の傑作2編『カルマニョーラ伯爵』(1820)および『アデルキ』(1822)、2編の頌詩(しょうし)『1821年3月』およびナポレオンの死に材をとった『5月5日』(1821)、さらに「A・マンゾーニによって発見され書き直された17世紀のミラノの物語」という副題をもち、『婚約者』のタイトルで世界の文学史にマンゾーニの名をとどめることになる大作の前身にあたる歴史小説の構想と初稿の完成(『フェルモとルチーア』1821~23執筆)をみたほか、護教の書『カトリック倫理に関する考察』(1818~19)、ダゼリオ侯爵宛(あ)ての書簡の形をとった『ロマン主義について』(1823)といった作品の数々である。 1827年に『婚約者』の第一版を上梓(じょうし)したあとフィレンツェへ行き、レオパルディ、カッポーニGino Capponi(1792―1876)ら当時の偉大な文学者の面々を識(し)った。また、27年来の知己である聖職者で哲学者のアントーニオ・ロズミーニAntonio Rosmini-Serbati(1797―1855)から思想的に深い影響を受けたことも見逃せない。マンゾーニの文学活動は、『婚約者』の好評と作者に対する敬意との高まりに反して年とともに乏しくなり、かわって哲学的、批評的、言語的な関心が比重を増してくる。『フェルモとルチーア』以来、27年の第一版刊行を経て、分冊で決定版が刊行される40~42年まで、もっぱら歴史小説の考究と『婚約者』の言語の見直しに彼は専心する。実生活においては、1833年に妻エンリケッタを、41年には母を失い、また8人の子供のうち6人は早世、そして2人目の夫人が61年に没するなど、その晩年は打ち続く死の影に覆われていた。61年、統一なったイタリア王国の上院議員という栄えある地位に任ぜられた彼は、トリノでの第1回議会に病を押して出かけたが、実際の行動に奔走しながら亡命地のロンドンで野垂死(のたれじに)のように倒れたフォスコロに比すとき、この行動は、イタリア統一を推し進めた指導者層から一種の知的シンボルとして敬されたカトリック自由主義者、「国民作家」マンゾーニの位置と役割を物語るものであった。73年5月22日ミラノで死去した。 [古賀弘人] 『平川祐弘『いいなづけ』(1989・河出書房新社)』▽『ナターリア・ジンツブルグ著、須賀敦子訳『マンゾーニ家の人々』(1988・白水社)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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