These dark brown lumps, primarily composed of manganese, are found universally on the ocean floor 4,000 to 5,000 meters deep around the world. They are spherical or ellipsoidal, with diameters ranging from a few centimeters to a dozen centimeters. They are found mostly in the Pacific Ocean, with rarer in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and near continents. The composition varies depending on the location, but is typically 15 to 30% manganese, 15% iron, 0.1 to 0.5% nickel, 0.3 to 1.0% cobalt, and 0.1 to 0.4% copper. Their origin and the reasons for differences in distribution in different oceans are not yet fully understood. Manganese nodules on the deep sea floor were discovered and extracted during the British Challenger's great expedition around the world in the 19th century. However, since the 1960s, countries have been competing to develop practical methods of extraction, both from the perspective of marine geophysics and the practical standpoint of marine resource development. The development of mineral resources on the deep sea floor, including manganese nodules, has been a topic of conflict between developed and developing countries, and has long been discussed at the United Nations International Conference on the Law of the Sea. The third conference, which was a marathon of negotiations from the first session in 1973 to the eleventh session in 1982, voted on a draft of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Japan signed the treaty in 1983 (Showa 58), and established and implemented the "Deep Seabed Mining Provisional Measures Law." In addition, as part of a five-year plan starting in 1985, the Hakurei Maru No. 2 has been used to investigate manganese nodules, hydrothermal deposits, and cobalt crusts in the South Pacific Ocean. [Masao Hanzawa] [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
世界の4000~5000メートルの深海底に普遍的に分布しているマンガンを主成分とする黒褐色の塊。球状ないし楕円(だえん)体状で、直径は数センチメートルから十数センチメートルのものが多い。分布は太平洋に多く、大西洋やインド洋、大陸の近くに少ない。成分は場所などにより一定ではないが、マンガン15~30%、鉄15%、ニッケル0.1~0.5%、コバルト0.3~1.0%、銅0.1~0.4%である。その成因および海洋による分布の相違の原因などについては、まだよくわかっていない。 深海底のマンガン団塊は、19世紀にイギリスのチャレンジャー号の世界周航海洋大探検の際に発見採取されている。しかし、1960年代からは海洋地球物理学という面と、海洋資源開発という実用的見地から、各国が調査・研究と、実用的な採取法の開発にしのぎを削っている。マンガン団塊を含む深海底の鉱物資源開発については先進国と発展途上国の間でも対立があり、長い間国連の海洋法国際会議で議論されてきた。その第三次会議は1973年の第1会期から82年の第11会期までのマラソン交渉で、国連海洋法条約の草案を採決した。日本は83年(昭和58)に同条約に署名し、「深海底鉱業暫定措置法」を定め、施行している。また、85年から五か年計画で、第二白嶺(はくれい)丸を使用し、南太平洋のマンガン団塊、熱水鉱床、コバルトクラストの調査を行っている。 [半澤正男] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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