Marukibune - dugout canoe

Japanese: 丸木舟 - まるきぶね
Marukibune - dugout canoe

A boat carved out of a single piece of wood. It is also written as a dokkibune or kuribune. It was developed in the Neolithic period with the advancement of woodworking techniques using tools such as polished stone axes, but later the use of fire made the carving easier. In Japan, a large dugout canoe measuring about 7 meters in length was excavated from a layer dating to the early Jomon period at the Torihama Shell Mound in Fukui Prefecture, proving its use from an early period. The use of oars and decoration of the dugout canoe itself are also known.

They are generally found in areas where wood is easily available, and are classified into three types based on their structure. They are bonito-shaped, made by hollowing out a single log; split bamboo-shaped, made by splitting a log in two and hollowing out each half; and box-shaped, made by leaving a hollowed-out area in the center of the boat. Although they have a simple structure, they have problems with stability and usable space, and various modifications have been made around the world. The method of combining two dugout canoes to increase stability is found in Albania in Europe, the Ganges and Uddavari rivers in India, rivers and lagoons in Chennai (Madras) and the Thanjavur region, and among the Koryak people of Siberia. Another canoe that aims for the same effect is the outrigger canoe, which has a crossbeam extended from the side of the boat and a float attached to the end. There are two types of canoes: one with floats on one side and one with floats on both sides. The former are used by Sri Lankan fishermen for trawling for mackerel, and are also found in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal, the west coast of Malaysia, Nias Island west of Sumatra, and in Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia. The latter are also found in almost all of the Philippines and Indonesia, parts of New Guinea, the northeast coast of Australia, New Zealand, Samoa, and Madagascar. The Moken people of the Mergui Archipelago in southern Myanmar (Burma) make their dugout canoes wider to ensure living space, as they live a nomadic lifestyle. The Moken method of wetting the inside with water and heating the outside with fire to soften the wood and widen the canoes has also been confirmed among Native Americans living in Africa and on the northwest coast of North America, and the Ostyak and Bogur people of Siberia. Large ocean dugout canoes used by the Kuru people living along the coasts of Liberia and Sierra Leone in Africa, and by Native Americans on the northwest coast of North America, have curved bows and sterns to protect against waves, and in Uganda they use a 30-person dugout canoe with wave-breaking planks sewn onto the sides. Canoes with planks added like this, including the Ainu Itaomachep, are called "composite hollowed-out canoes."

In Oceania, dugout canoes are made by artisanal groups with deep knowledge of traditional techniques, knowledge and rituals, and are often passed down as the property of chiefs or communities. Reports from the Solomon Islands also show that the huts in which they are kept are used as sites for various rituals.

[Yuji Seki]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

1本の木を刳(く)り抜いてつくる舟。独木舟とも記し、刳舟(くりぶね)ともいう。新石器時代、磨製の石斧(せきふ)などによる木工技術の進歩によって発達を遂げるが、のちに火を併用することで刳り抜き作業が容易になった。わが国でも福井県にある鳥浜貝塚の縄文時代前期の層から全長7メートルほどの大型丸木舟が出土しており、早くからの利用が認められる。また櫂(かい)の利用や、丸木舟本体への装飾も知られている。

 一般に木材が入手しやすい地域で広く分布しており、構造から3種に分類される。1本の丸太をそのまま刳り抜いたかつお節型、丸太を二つに割って、それぞれを刳り抜いた割り竹形、さらに舟の中央部に刳り残しをつくった箱形がそれらである。単純な構造をもつ反面、安定性、利用空間などに問題があり、世界各地でさまざまなくふうがなされている。2艘(そう)の丸木舟を組み合わせて安定性を高める方法は、ヨーロッパのアルバニア、インドのガンジス川、ユダバリ川、チェンナイ(マドラス)やタンジャブール地方の河川や潟、シベリアのコリヤーク人の間に分布している。同じ効果をねらうものとしては、船側から横木を出して、その先に浮きをつけたアウトリガー・カヌーがある。これには片側のみに浮きを備えたものと両側に備えたものとがあり、前者は、スリランカの漁労民がサバのトロール漁で使っているのをはじめとして、ベンガル湾中のアンダマン諸島・ニコバル諸島、マレー西海岸、スマトラ西方のニアス島、さらにミクロネシア、メラネシア、ポリネシアに広がる。後者もフィリピン、インドネシアのほぼ全域、ニューギニアの一部、オーストラリア北東海岸、ニュージーランド、サモア、マダガスカルというように分布は広い。ミャンマー(ビルマ)南部のメルギー諸島のモーケンの人々は、移動生活を送るため、丸木舟の船幅を広くして居住空間を確保している。内側を水でぬらしながら外側を火で暖め、木を柔らかくして幅を広げるモーケンの方法は、アフリカ、北アメリカ北西海岸に住むネイティブ・アメリカン、シベリアのオスチャークやボグルの人々の間でも確認されている。アフリカのリベリアからシエラレオネの沿岸に住むクル人や北アメリカ北西海岸のネイティブ・アメリカンなどで使われている海洋用の大型丸木舟は、波への対策として、反り上がった舳(へさき)と艫(とも)を備えており、ウガンダでは舷(げん)側に波よけの板を縫い合わせた30人乗りの丸木舟を使っている。アイヌのイタオマチェップも含めて、こうした板材を継ぎ足した丸木舟を「複材刳船」とよぶ。

 オセアニアでは、丸木舟は伝統的な技術、知識、儀礼を熟知した職人集団によってつくられ、しばしば首長や共同体の財産として継承される。また、保管する小屋がさまざまな儀礼の場になることもソロモン諸島から報告されている。

[関 雄二]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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