Mark (English spelling) Deutsche Mark

Japanese: マルク（英語表記）Deutsche Mark

The German mark is the currency of the Federal Republic of Germany. One mark (usually abbreviated as DM) is divided into 100 pfennigs. It originated in 1871 when the German Empire was established, and after two currency reforms, the Rentenmark in 1923 and the Reichsmark in 1924, it was divided into the West German mark and the East German mark (the mark since 1964). When the two German states were unified in 1990, East German marks could be exchanged for West German marks at a 1:1 exchange rate for cash and deposits up to a certain amount (2,000 marks for those under 14 years old, 9,000 marks for those 15 to 59 years old, and 6,000 marks for those 60 years old or older), and at a 2:1 exchange rate for cash and deposits over a certain amount. Along with the Swiss franc, it is considered one of the strongest currencies in the world, and is often the strongest currency within the European Union's common float. The mark was the central currency in the European Monetary System (EMS), and while it maintained a fixed exchange rate among EMS member countries, it was allowed to float against currencies outside the region. When the euro was introduced in January 1999, the exchange rate was set at 1 euro = 1.95583 marks.

Mark
Marc, Franz

Born: February 8, 1880 in Munich
[Died] March 4, 1916. German painter from near Verdun. In 1900, he studied under W. Diez at the Munich Academy. In 1903 and 1907, he traveled to Paris and discovered Impressionism (→ Impressionism), and became fascinated with the work of Van Gogh. In 1911, he edited "The Blue Rider" with W. Kandinsky, A. Macke, and others, and went on to form an Expressionist group of the same name. He established a style of painting that captured the rhythms of nature based on pantheistic ideas, with animals as the theme, but served in World War I and was killed in action. His major works include "Blue Horse" (1911), "Deer in the Wood" (13), and "The Stable" (13-14).

Mark
March, Australia

[Born] 1397. Gandia?
[Died] 1459. Valencian Spanish poet. Along with the storyteller Joano Martorell, he is one of the central figures in 15th-century Catalan literature. He left behind 138 poems that were heavily influenced by Petrarch and the Provencal troubadours.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

通常はドイツ連邦共和国の通貨であるドイツマルクをさし，1マルク (通常 DMと略称) は 100ペニヒ pfennig。 1871年のドイツ帝国成立時を起源とし，1923年レンテンマルク Rentenmark，24年ライヒスマルク Reichsmarkと2度の通貨改革を経て，第2次世界大戦後西ドイツマルクと東ドイツマルク (1964年以降はマルク) に2分化したが，90年の両ドイツ統一に際しては，東ドイツマルクを一定額までの現金・預金 (14歳以下 2000マルク，15歳以上 59歳以下 9000マルク，60歳以上 6000マルク) については1対1で，一定額をこえる現金・預金については2対1の交換比率で西ドイツマルクと交換できた。スイスフランとともに世界の最強通貨の一つと目されており，ヨーロッパ連合 EU共同フロート内においても最強通貨となることが多い。ヨーロッパ通貨制度 EMSの下では中心的通貨となり，EMS加盟国内で固定相場制を維持する一方，域外通貨に対しては変動相場制をとっている。なお，99年1月のユーロ導入に際しては1ユーロ＝1.95583マルクの交換レートとなった。

マルク
Marc， Franz

[生]1880.2.8. ミュンヘン
[没]1916.3.4. ベルダン近郊
ドイツの画家。 1900年ミュンヘン・アカデミーで W.ディーツに師事。 03，07年にパリに旅行して印象派 (→印象主義 ) を知り，ゴッホの作品に傾倒。 11年に W.カンディンスキー，A.マッケらとともに『青騎士』の編集にあたり，さらに同名の表現主義グループを結成。動物を主題に，汎神論的な思想のもとに自然の律動をとらえる作風を確立したが，第1次世界大戦に従軍して戦死。主要作品『青馬』 (1911) ，『森の中の鹿』 (13) ，『馬小屋』 (13～14) など。