Manila - Manila (English spelling)

Japanese: マニラ - まにら(英語表記)Manila
Manila - Manila (English spelling)

The capital of the Philippines. It is located in the north of the country, facing Manila Bay in the southwest of Luzon. It has a population of 1,581,082 (2000). Between 1948 and 1976, the capital was located in neighboring Quezon City to the northeast. In the 1970s, the population of Manila accelerated and the greater metropolitan area was formed, and Metropolitan Manila was established administratively by combining four cities and 13 towns, including Quezon City. Its population was 9,932,560 (2000), about 13% of the total population. It is the political, economic, and cultural center of the Philippines, and a hub for land, sea, and air transportation. It has the largest trading port in the country, and many foreign ships can always be seen in Manila Bay. One of Manila's specialties is the brightly colored jeepneys (small buses), but traffic congestion was severe, so in 1984 an elevated railway was opened that crosses Manila and connects Caloocan and Pasay, and it has become a popular means of transportation.

As it was the base of colonial rule by Spain and the United States, it is known as a lively city that was westernized early among Asian cities. The old walled city of Intramuros in the center was a fierce battlefield at the end of the Pacific War and was in ruins for a long time, but the old town has been restored and has become one of the tourist attractions. The Catholic Manila Cathedral and Fort Santiago built by the Spanish army are located here, and Rizal Park, south of that, with a monument to independence leader Jose Rizal, is a place of national meetings. Mid-range hotels are concentrated in the coastal districts of Ermita and Malate. About four kilometers upstream on the Pasig River is the presidential residence, Malacañang Palace. The right bank of the lower Pasig River once boasted prosperity as a commercial and financial center, but now it is deserted and there is no trace of its former days. Tondo, which is on the right bank and close to the river mouth, is known as a typical Asian slum. Between 30 and 40 percent of the people who have flowed into Manila have settled in low-lying marshes and vacant lots, leading precarious lives as squatters.

Makati, bordering Manila to the southeast, was developed by the Ayala Group from the 1960s and is the center of the Philippines' finance and commerce. It is a mix of orderly large buildings and high-end residential areas, with many luxury hotels and glamorous shopping districts. Quezon City to the northeast was planned and built as the capital in the 1930s, and is home to the National Capitol building, government offices, and many universities, including the University of the Philippines.

[Akira Takahashi]

history

Manila was one of the earliest international trading centres in the Philippine archipelago, and in the first half of the 16th century it was a base for the northward advance of Islamic culture. However, in 1571, Spain designated it as the capital of the Philippine colony and built a walled city (Intramuros) on the south bank of the Pasig River. The walled city was occupied by government buildings, churches, monasteries and Spanish houses, while economic activities were carried out in the Chinese residential area of ​​Parian outside the walled city and in the Tondo area on the north bank of the Pasig River. For a long time, Manila's international trading activities were limited to trade by large sailing ships (galleons) between Mexico and the Philippines and trade with Asian countries, especially China. However, in the aftermath of the Seven Years' War, Manila was occupied by the British East India Company from 1762 to 1764, and galleon trade could not continue in 1815 due to Mexican independence, so in 1834 Manila was opened to ships from Western countries. Since the sovereignty of the Philippines was transferred from Spain to the United States in 1898, the appearance of Manila has changed dramatically. The United States built government buildings, banks, trading companies, entertainment districts, and other facilities on a large scale outside the walled city, making Manila the center of consumer culture. During World War II, at the end of the Japanese occupation of the Philippines (1945), Manila was subjected to large-scale bombing by the US military, and most of the walled city was destroyed.

[Ikebata Yukiura]

[References] | Galleons | Quezon City | East India Company | Philippines | University of the Philippines | Manila Bay | Rizal

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

フィリピンの首都。同国北部、ルソン島南西部のマニラ湾に臨む。人口158万1082(2000)。1948~76年の間は、北東に隣接するケソン・シティに首都が置かれた。1970年代に入って加速されたマニラ近郊の人口増加によって大首都圏が形成され、行政上もケソン・シティなど4市13町をあわせてメトロポリタン・マニラが設けられている。その人口は993万2560(2000)で、全人口の約13%を占める。フィリピンの政治、経済、文化の中心地で、陸海空の交通網の拠点となっている。同国最大の貿易港をもち、マニラ湾にはつねに多数の外国船がみられる。マニラの名物の一つは極彩色のジープニー(小型バス)であるが、交通渋滞が激しく、1984年にマニラを横断してカロオカンとパサイを結ぶ高架鉄道が開通し、大衆的交通手段として役だっている。

 スペインとアメリカによる植民地支配の拠点であっただけに、アジアの諸都市のなかでも早くから西欧化された活気のある町として知られる。中心部にある旧城壁都市のイントラムロスは、太平洋戦争末期の激戦地であったため長く廃墟(はいきょ)となっていたが、旧市街地の復原が進み、観光名所の一つとなっている。ここにはカトリックのマニラ大聖堂やスペイン軍が築いたサンティアゴ要塞(ようさい)があり、その南の、独立の指導者ホセ・リサールの記念碑が立つリサール公園は国民的集会の場となっている。海岸沿いのエルミタ区とマラテ区には中級ホテルが集中している。パシグ川を4キロメートルほどさかのぼった所に大統領官邸、マラカニヤン宮殿がある。パシグ川下流の右岸は、かつては商業、金融の中心として繁栄を誇ったが、いまはさびれて昔日のおもかげはない。右岸でも河口に近いトンドはアジアの典型的なスラムとして知られる。マニラに流入した住民の30~40%は低湿地や空き地に住み着いて、不法居住者としての不安定な生活を送っている。

 マニラの南東に接するマカティは、1960年代からアヤラ財閥の手で開発され、フィリピンの金融、商業の中枢機能が集中している。整然たる大ビル街と高級住宅地区が交錯し、高級ホテルも多く、華やかなショッピング街が広がる。北東のケソン・シティは、1930年代に首都として計画的に建設された都市で、国会議事堂や官庁のほかに国立フィリピン大学など大学が多い。

[高橋 彰]

歴史

マニラはフィリピン諸島のなかでもっとも早く開けた国際的交易地の一つで、16世紀前半にはイスラム文化北進の拠点になっていた。しかし、1571年にスペインがこの地をフィリピン植民地の首都として定め、パシグ川の南岸に城壁都市(イントラムロス)を建設した。城壁都市は政庁関係建造物、教会、修道院、スペイン人住宅などで占められ、経済活動は、城壁都市外の中国人居住地区パリアンや、パシグ川北岸のトンド地区で営まれた。マニラの国際的交易活動は、長らく、メキシコ―フィリピン間の大帆船(ガレオン船)による貿易(ガレオン貿易)と、アジア諸国、とくに中国との貿易に制限されていた。しかし、七年戦争の余波で、1762~64年の間、マニラがイギリス東インド会社に占領されたことや、メキシコの独立によって、1815年にはガレオン貿易が続行できなくなったことなどから、1834年にマニラは欧米諸国の船舶にも開港された。1898年フィリピンの領有権がスペインからアメリカに移って以降、マニラの相貌(そうぼう)は著しくさま変わりした。アメリカは政府関係建造物や銀行、商社、歓楽街などを城壁都市外に大規模に建設して、マニラを消費文化の中心地とした。第二次世界大戦中、日本のフィリピン占領の末年(1945)に、マニラはアメリカ軍の大規模な爆撃を受け、城壁都市の大半も壊滅した。

[池端雪浦]

[参照項目] | ガレオン船 | ケソン・シティ | 東インド会社 | フィリピン | フィリピン大学 | マニラ湾 | リサール

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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