A type of qualitative abnormality of sexual goals (sexual perversion), also known as masochism. It is part of the Algolagnie (German: pain-loving, pain-loving), which is a sexual desire to obtain sexual pleasure or satisfaction by inflicting pain (sadism) or receiving pain (masochism) on a sexual object. It is named after the Austrian aristocrat Masoch, who typified this type of sexual behavior in real life and in his novels, and was named by the German psychiatrist Richard von Krafft-Ebing (1840-1902), who conducted many psychological evaluations of people with abnormal sexual desires. It is seen in both men and women, and involves obtaining strong sexual excitement and satisfaction from being assaulted, humiliated, or executed by a member of the opposite sex, or obtaining similar satisfaction from fantasizing about such scenes and identifying oneself with the victim. Masochism and sadism can appear overlappingly in the same person. [Masafumi Shirai] Masochism in literatureThe literary topos of women, who are by nature the weaker sex, turning men into "slaves of love" through their erotic allure has existed since ancient times. However, it was only through encounters with Christian spiritualism that the topos of the "slave of love" was understood as one form of sexual love within the great amplitude of human nature and was fixed as a complete expression of perverse sexual love. The theme of the "slave of love" found concentrated expression in the poetry of the love poets (Minnesenger) who deified their beloved ladies and in the 15th century carnival plays, but it eventually rose to the level of a religious and moral masochism that regarded pain as a gift of God's love, as in the martyrdom of St. Sebastian and the ecstasy of St. Teresa. Meanwhile, the old allegorical expression of "female superiority" of "a strong man who falls into the tricks of a clever (or cunning, weak) woman," such as Samson being deceived by Delilah, and Adam being seduced by Eve, gave rise to a new variation around the 13th century of "a clever man conquered by a foolish woman (delicious flesh)." Masochism in the modern sense developed along the latter context, from Goethe's play "The Garden of the Lilies," through Heinrich von Kleist's "Penthesilea" (1808) and Baudelaire's "Flowers of Evil" (1857, 61), culminating in the depiction of masochism in Count Mufat in Zola's "Nana" (1880). Among these, Sacher-Masoch's Venus in Furs (1871) is at the pinnacle of this genre, and the name masochism, a pathology coined by Dr. Krafft-Ebing, is also derived from the name of the author of this novel. [Tanemura Toshihiro] [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
性目標の質的異常(性倒錯)の一種で、被虐性愛ともいう。性対象に苦痛を与えたり(サディズム)、与えられたり(マゾヒズム)することによって性的快感や満足を得ようとするアルゴラグニーAlgolagnie(ドイツ語)(疼痛(とうつう)性愛、苦痛嗜愛(しあい))に含まれる。実生活や小説のなかでこの種の性行動を典型的に示したオーストリアの貴族マゾッホの名にちなんだもので、ドイツの精神医学者で、異常性欲者の精神鑑定を多く手がけたクラフト・エービングRichard von Krafft-Ebing(1840―1902)が命名した。男女ともにみられ、異性に暴行、凌辱(りょうじょく)、処刑などを受けることによって強い性的興奮と満足を得たり、またはその情景を幻想して自己をその犠牲者と同一視することによって同様の満足を得るもので、マゾヒズムとサディズムは同一人にも重複して現れる。 [白井將文] 文学にみるマゾヒズム女性が本来は弱い性であるにもかかわらず、エロティックな魅惑を通じて男性を「愛の奴隷」たらしめるという文学上のトポス(表現の場)は古くから存在した。けれども、人間性の大きな振幅のなかでの性愛の一つの形として理解されて、「愛の奴隷」のトポスが一つの完結した倒錯的性愛表現として固定されるのは、キリスト教的精神主義との遭遇を通じてである。「愛の奴隷」のテーマは、愛する貴婦人を神格化する恋愛詩人(ミンネゼンガー)の詩作品や15世紀謝肉祭劇のなかに集中的な表現をみいだしたが、やがてそれは、聖セバスチャンの殉教におけるような殉教願望や、聖テレサの見神の恍惚(こうこつ)におけるような、苦痛を神からの愛の贈り物とみなす宗教的・道徳的マゾヒズムにまで高まってゆく。 一方、デリラに欺かれるサムソン、イブに誘惑されるアダムといった、古くからの「賢い(あるいは狡(ずる)い、弱い)女の奸計(かんけい)に陥る強い男」という「女上位」の寓意(ぐうい)表現は、ほぼ13世紀ごろから「愚かな女(蒙昧(もうまい)なる肉)に征服される賢い男」という新たなバリエーションを創出した。近代的意味でのマゾヒズムは後者の文脈に沿って展開し、ゲーテの戯詩『リリーの公園』からハインリヒ・フォン・クライストの『ペンテジレーア』(1808)、ボードレールの『悪の華』(1857、61)を経て、ゾラの『ナナ』(1880)のミュファ伯爵のマゾヒズム描写に結実する。なかでもザッヘル・マゾッホの『毛皮を着たビーナス』(1871)はその頂点に位置し、マゾヒズムというクラフト・エービング博士による病理学的命名も、この小説の作者名に由来する。 [種村季弘] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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