American psychologist. One of the most influential figures in the field of psychology, mainly in the latter half of the 20th century. His views on human dignity and lifelong growth, which he emphasized through his theories on the hierarchy of needs, higher-order needs, self-actualization, creativity, business management, and theology, resonated with many people and led to a change in previously common thinking not only in the world of psychology, but also in the worlds of education and business. He was born in New York to Russian Jewish immigrants. His family was poor, and he grew up with a sense of personal inadequacy from an early age. Even in his adolescence, he was said to have been shy and unhappy. However, he had a strong intellectual curiosity and found a little joy in reading books and listening to classical music. In 1928, he entered the University of Wisconsin to train as an experimental psychologist, but was disappointed by the narrow scope of behavioral psychology and the lack of researchers around him who shared his aspirations. However, he was asked by a young professor, Harry Harlow, to help him with his research, which showed that the dominant position in the social hierarchy of monkeys also determines their sexual behavior. In 1935, he was appointed as a two-year fellow by Edward Thorndike of Columbia University, where he did seminal work showing that the sexual attitudes and behavior of human women are significantly related to their dominance and assertiveness. This research later provided the intellectual foundation for feminist writer Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique (1963). He then spent 14 years studying at Brooklyn College in New York, where he had contact with prominent psychologists, sociologists, and cultural anthropologists who had come from all over Europe to be persecuted by the Nazis, and this had a profound impact on Maslow's subsequent arguments and the formation of his theories. After moving to Brandeis University in the suburbs of Boston in 1951, his research achievements were remarkable, and he published many articles in various specialist journals, including Motivation and Personality (1954), Toward a Psychology of Being (1962), and The Psychology of Science (1966), which gained him a great deal of fame. In 1967, he became president of the American Psychological Association, and his work had an enormous impact both in Japan and overseas. Dissatisfied with traditional psychology's emphasis on the substructure and animal aspects of human beings and its tendency to study segmented behavior, deep psychology, and pathology, Maslow attempted to construct a new psychology that focuses on the holistic character of human beings, such as creativity, health, and morality, as higher-level motivations. Together with Goldstein, Gordon Allport, Carl Rogers, and others, he advocated "humanistic psychology." The year before his death (1969), Maslow wrote his magnum opus, The Further Reaches of Human Nature (1971, Japanese title: The Highest Value of Humanity, 1973). [Hoshino Life] "The Perfect Man - The Aim of the Soul, translated by Ueda Yoshikazu (1964, Seishin Shobo)" ▽ "The Psychology of Humanity, supervised by Oguchi Tadahiko (1971/Revised New Edition, 1987, Sanno Junior College Publishing Division)" ▽ "The Psychology of Possibility, translated by Hayasaka Taijiro (1971, Kawashima Shoten)" ▽ "The Highest Value of Humanity, translated by Ueda Yoshikazu (1973, Seishin Shobo)" ▽ "The Psychology of Self-Actualization, by Ueda Yoshikazu (1976, Seishin Shobo)" ▽ "The Perfection of Man - A Study of Maslow's Psychology, by Ueda Yoshikazu (1988, Seishin Shobo)" ▽ "The True Man - The Life of Abraham Maslow, by Edward Hoffman, translated by Ueda Yoshikazu (1995, Seishin Shobo)" ▽ "Maslow's Theory of Humanity: Essays from a Humanistic Psychologist for the Future" by Edward Hoffman, translated by Yoshikazu Ueda and Tetsuji Machida (2002, Nakanishiya Publishing) [References] | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
アメリカの心理学者。20世紀の主として後半の心理学の領域において、もっとも大きな影響力をもった一人。欲求階層論、高次欲求論、自己実現論、創造性論、経営論、そして神学論を通じて強調した、人間の尊厳と人は生涯成長するとした見解が、多くの人々に共感を与え、心理学界のみならず、教育界、実業界に対しても、それまで一般的であった考え方を改めさせる成果を得た。 ニューヨークのロシア系ユダヤ人の移民の長男として生まれる。家庭は貧しく、幼少時から個人的不全感のうちに成長し、青少年期にあっても内気で不幸であったといわれる。しかし、知的好奇心が旺盛(おうせい)で、読書とクラシック音楽の鑑賞にわずかな喜びをみいだしていた。 1928年にウィスコンシン大学に入学し、実験心理学者としての訓練を受けたが、行動主義心理学の研究対象の狭さと、周囲に彼の願望に共感する研究者がいないことに失望した。しかし、若い教授ハリー・ハーローに協力を求められ、サルの社会階層のなかでの支配的地位が、その性的行動をも左右するという研究を行った。1935年にコロンビア大学のエドワード・ソーンダイクによって、2年間の特別研究員として迎えられ、人間の女性の性的態度や行動が、彼女らの支配性や自己主張と有意に関連していることを指摘する独創的な仕事をした。この研究は後にフェミニスト作家のベティ・フリーダンの『女らしさの神話』The Feminine Mystique(1963。邦題『新しい女性の創造』)に知的基礎を提供した。その後ニューヨークのブルックリン大学で14年間にわたり研究を続けたが、その間に、ナチスに追われてヨーロッパ各地から移ってきた著名な心理学者、社会学者、文化人類学者との交流があり、それがその後のマズローの主張や理論形成にきわめて深い影響を与えた。 1951年にボストン郊外にあるブランダイス大学に移ってからの研究業績はめざましく、『動機づけと人格』Motivation and Personality(1954。邦題『人間性の心理学』1971)、『存在の心理学に向かって』Toward a Psychology of Being(1962。邦題『完全なる人間』1964)、『科学の心理学』The Psychology of Science(1966。邦題『可能性の心理学』1971)をはじめ諸種の専門誌にも多くの論文を発表したことによって、名声を高め、1967年には、アメリカ心理学会の会長となり、その業績は国外にも多大な影響を与えた。 従来の心理学が、人間の下部構造や動物的側面に重点をおき、細分化された行動や深層心理・病理の研究に傾いていたことにあきたらず、人間の高次動機としての創造・健康・道徳などの全体的性格を対象とする新しい心理学を構築しようとした。そして、ゴルトシュタインやゴードン・オールポート、カール・ロジャーズらとともに「ヒューマニスティック・サイコロジー」(「人間性心理学」または「人間主義的心理学」)を提唱した。マズローは死の前年(1969年)に大著『The Farther Reaches of Human Nature』(1971。邦題『人間性の最高価値』1973)を書き残した。 [星野 命] 『上田吉一訳『完全なる人間――魂のめざすもの』(1964・誠信書房)』▽『小口忠彦監訳『人間性の心理学』(1971/改訂新版・1987・産業能率短期大学出版部)』▽『早坂泰次郎訳『可能性の心理学』(1971・川島書店)』▽『上田吉一訳『人間性の最高価値』(1973・誠信書房)』▽『上田吉一著『自己実現の心理』(1976・誠信書房)』▽『上田吉一著『人間の完成――マスロー心理学研究』(1988・誠信書房)』▽『エドワード・ホフマン著、上田吉一訳『真実の人間――アブラハム・マスローの生涯』(1995・誠信書房)』▽『エドワード・ホフマン著、上田吉一・町田哲司訳『マスローの人間論――未来に贈る人間主義心理学者のエッセイ』(2002・ナカニシヤ出版)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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