A general term for sulfonic acids with the general formula RC 6 H 4 -SO 3 H (R is an alkyl group). It is obtained by sulfonating alkylbenzenes produced by the Friedel-Crafts reaction of aromatic compounds with olefins. The aromatic compounds used are benzene, toluene, and naphthalene, and the alkylating agent is an olefin with about 12 carbon atoms obtained by polymerization of propene and isobutene obtained from petroleum, and concentrated sulfuric acid or fuming sulfuric acid is used for sulfonation. It is usually used as a sodium salt with sodium hydroxide, and is a typical anionic surfactant. Those with larger alkyl groups have strong cleaning power, and those with smaller alkyl groups have strong penetrating power. Those with larger alkyl groups include branched alkylbenzene sulfonate (ABS) and linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS). The former is slow to decompose in living organisms, which has led to environmental pollution. It is generally used with sodium sulfate to increase its cleaning power. It is stable in acidic and alkaline aqueous solutions, and is effective even in hard water. It is used as a typical cleaning agent, and is also used as an emulsifier. Source: Morikita Publishing "Chemical Dictionary (2nd Edition)" Information about the Chemical Dictionary 2nd Edition |
R-C6H4-SO3H(Rはアルキル基)の一般式をもつスルホン酸の総称.芳香族化合物とオレフィンとのフリーデル-クラフツ反応によりアルキルベンゼンをつくり,これをスルホン化すると得られる.芳香族化合物としては,ベンゼン,トルエン,ナフタレンを用い,アルキル化剤としては石油から得られるプロペン,イソブテンなどの重合により得られる炭素数12前後のオレフィンを使用し,スルホン化には濃硫酸,または発煙硫酸を用いる.通常は,水酸化ナトリウムによりナトリウム塩として用い,代表的な陰イオン表面活性剤である.アルキル基が大きいものは洗浄力が大きく,アルキル基の小さいものは浸透性が強い.アルキル基が大きいものには,枝分れ状のアルキルベンゼンスルホン酸塩(ABS)と,直鎖状のアルキルベンゼンスルホン酸塩(LAS)とがある.前者は,生物による分解が遅いため,環境汚染につながった.一般には,硫酸ナトリウムを配合して洗浄力を高めて用いられる.酸,アルカリ水溶液中でも安定であり,硬水中でも効果をもつ.代表的な洗浄剤として用いられ,乳化剤などにも用いられる. 出典 森北出版「化学辞典(第2版)」化学辞典 第2版について 情報 |
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