Bonn - Bon (English spelling) Bonn

Japanese: ボン - ぼん（英語表記）Bonn

A city in North Rhine-Westphalia in mid-western Germany. It is located near the northern mouth of the Rhine River gorge. Population: 308,900 (2002). Bonn was the capital of the Federal Republic of Germany (formerly West Germany) from 1949 until Berlin became the capital of Germany after German reunification in 1990. The old city of Bonn is located on a low terrace on the left bank of the Rhine, but in 1969 it expanded its boundaries to both banks of the Rhine by merging with surrounding towns and villages such as Bad Godesberg to the south.

In the old town, there is the 13th century cathedral, Münsterplatz with a statue of Beethoven, who was born here, the town hall built in 1737, the market square in front of it, Beethoven's birthplace, and the University of Bonn (Wilhelm Friedrich University, formerly the castle of the Elector of Cologne) to the south. Bonn Station is also adjacent to the old town, and the area in front of the station has been newly developed. There is also a promenade, Beethoven Hall, and a city theater on the banks of the Rhine. Since it became the capital in 1949, the federal government district, including the federal parliament, government agencies, the presidential palace, the chancellery, and the parliament building, has been formed along the left bank of the Rhine to the south of the old town. In Poppelsdorf, southwest of the old town, there is a baroque castle, and a botanical garden and science-related university facilities are gathered. High-end houses line the main street leading to the castle, Poppeldorfer Allee. Bad Godesberg is a quiet residential area with a 13th century castle at its center, and is home to many cultural institutions such as the DAAD (German Academic Exchange Service) and the Federal Institute for Topography, as well as many embassies and consulates from various countries. On the opposite bank you can see the famous Siebengebirge (Seven Mountains).

[Hiroshi Kobayashi]

history

Bomburg, a garrison established by the Roman Emperor Tiberius, was occupied by the Franks during the Migration Period and attacked by the Normans in the 9th century. In 921, Emperor Henry I made a peace agreement with King Charles III of France here. Meanwhile, a burg was born from the cemetery of martyrs in the late Roman period, and a market settlement was established between the garrison and the burg, which became the core of the city. Wine trade and handicrafts flourished, and Jews and Cahors also settled there. The Archbishop of Cologne became the lord of the city from the 12th century, and in 1244 he built the city walls and approved the city law. It was the administrative center of the Electorate of Cologne, with a population of about 5,000 at the end of the Middle Ages. It underwent a religious reform, but reverted to Catholicism in the 17th century and survived the Thirty Years' War with a policy of neutrality. Because it built a fortress wall with French assistance, it was occupied by anti-French forces many times. The Electoral Princedom was dissolved during the French Revolution, and was incorporated into France in 1798 and into Prussia in 1815. The University of Bonn, founded in 1777, became the spiritual driving force behind the restoration of Bonn after the War of Liberation (1813-14) thanks to the efforts of Arndt, Schlegel, Niebuhr and others.

[Minoru Morota]

[References] | University of Bonn

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ドイツ中西部、ノルトライン・ウェストファーレン州の都市。ライン川峡谷北口付近にある。人口30万8900（2002）。1990年のドイツ統一でベルリンがドイツの首都となるまでは、1949年からボンがドイツ連邦共和国（旧西ドイツ）の首都であった。旧市ボンはライン川左岸の低位段丘上に位置するが、1969年、南方のバート・ゴーデスベルクなど周辺町村を合併してライン川両岸に市域を拡大した。

　旧市には13世紀の司教座教会、当地で生まれたベートーベンの像があるミュンスター広場、1737年建設の市庁舎、その前のマルクト（市場）広場、ベートーベンの生家があり、南接してボン大学（ウィルヘルム・フリードリヒ大学。旧ケルン選帝侯の城館）が続く。ボン駅も旧市に接し、駅前が新しく整備されている。また、ライン河畔には遊歩道、ベートーベン・ホール、市立劇場がある。1949年に首都となってから、連邦議会、政府諸機関、大統領官邸、首相官邸、議員会館などの連邦政府地区が、旧市の南方ライン川左岸沿いに形成された。旧市の南西ポッペルスドルフにはバロック様式の城館があり、植物園や理科系の大学施設が集まる。この城館に至る大通り、ポッペルドルファーアレー沿いには高級住宅が並ぶ。バート・ゴーデスベルクは13世紀の古城を中心とする閑静な住宅地で、DAAD（ドイツ学術交流会）、連邦地誌研究所などの文化関係機関、各国の大使館・領事館などが多い。対岸には著名なジーベンゲビルゲ（七つの山々）が望まれる。

［小林　博］

歴史

古代ローマのティベリウス帝が設けた屯営のボンブルクは、民族移動期にフランク人に占領され、9世紀にノルマン人の攻撃を受けた。921年皇帝ハインリヒ1世はここでフランス王シャルル3世と平和を約した。一方、ローマ末期の殉教者の墓地からブルクが生まれ、その外側、屯営との間にできた市場集落が都市の核となり、ぶどう酒の取引や手工業が栄え、ユダヤ人やカオール人も定住した。12世紀以来ケルン大司教が都市領主となり、1244年に市壁を築いて都市法を承認した。ケルン選帝侯領の行政の中心で、中世末の人口は約5000。宗教改革を行ったが、17世紀に旧教に復帰、中立政策で三十年戦争を乗り切る。フランスの援助で要塞(ようさい)城壁を築いたため、反仏勢力に何度も占領された。フランス革命で選帝侯国は解体し、1798年フランス領に、1815年プロイセン領に編入された。1777年創立のボン大学は、アルント、シュレーゲル、ニーブールらの力で解放戦争（1813～14）後の復興の精神的原動力となった。

［諸田　實］

[参照項目] | ボン大学

出典　小学館　日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について　情報 | 凡例

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