Kokugaryo - Kokugaryo

From around the 11th century, the country was placed under the manorial system, and while manors increased in number across the country, many public lands remained without a specific manorial lord. These were called kokugaryo. From the 11th century onwards, kokugaryo were made up of various territories such as guns, towns, wards, villages, and myo. However, they were no longer a unified organization like the gun-go system under the Ritsuryo system, and the connections between the kokuga (government offices of various provinces) and the various territories such as guns, towns, and wards varied from province to province, even within the same country. The reason for this diversity is thought to be that the forms in which territories were formed as communities centered around local lords and residents varied from region to region. There were some cases in which the basic unit of a province was the gun, with villages and towns included within it, and some in which the old towns were directly connected to the provinces. The ho paid either official property (kanmotsu) or miscellaneous services (zoyaku) generated from their territory to a specific taxpayer, but as long as they were under the control of the kokuga, they were kokugaryo. Any of the kokugaryo territories would immediately become manors if they came under the auspices of a manor lord and began to pay official property and miscellaneous services to the manor lord, so there was no qualitative difference between the kokugaryo territories and manors.

[Sakamoto Prize 3]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

11世紀ごろから荘園制(しょうえんせい)社会となって、荘園が各地で増加する一方、特定の荘園領主をもたない公領もかなり残存していた。これを国衙領という。国衙領は11世紀40年代以降、郡、郷、保(ほ)、村、名(みょう)などの諸所領から構成されるようになるが、もはや律令制(りつりょうせい)下の郡―郷組織のような統一的組織ではなく、国衙（諸国の政庁）と郡、郷、保など諸所領との結び付きは、国あるいは同じ国内でも郡によって異なった。このような多様なあり方を示すようになるのは、在地領主や住人らを中心とする共同体からなる所領が形成されてくる形態が地域によって多様であったからと考えられる。国の下に郡が基本単位となってその内部に村や郷が含まれるものや、旧来からの郷が国に直結するものもあった。保は、その領域から出す官物(かんもつ)あるいは雑役(ぞうやく)のいずれかを特定の給主に納めるが、国衙の支配が行われる限りでは国衙領であった。国衙領の諸所領はいずれも、荘園領主を仰ぐようになって官物、雑役を荘園領主に納める関係になれば、即座に荘園となるもので、国衙領の所領も、荘園も、質的な相違はなかった。

［坂本賞三］

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