Homestead and Exemption Laws

Japanese: ホームステッド法 - ホームステッドほう（英語表記）Homestead and Exemption Laws

This refers to a series of homesteading laws that provided public land to American citizens. Specifically, it refers to the Homesteading Act that was passed by the Federal Congress on May 20, 1862. Since the Land Act of 1785, the primary purpose of the public land disposal laws that had been enacted in the first half of the 19th century was to secure a source of revenue for the federal government. In the 1830s, solidarity between farmers and workers demanding free land transfer also progressed under the leadership of G. Evans and others, and President A. Jackson stated that "public land must cease to be a source of revenue as soon as possible." In 1846, the Homesteading Bill was submitted to the Federal Congress, and in 1852, it was put to a vote, but was rejected by the Senate. In 1848, the Free Soil Party made it one of its platforms, but the major parties did not take it up until 1860, and strong opposition in the South and East prevented it from being enacted. In 1860, G. Grow re-proposed it and it passed both houses of Congress, but President J. Buchanan vetoed it. The Republican victory in the presidential election and the secession of the southern states turned the situation in their favor, and the bill was finally passed on May 20, 1962. Its contents were that any person over the age of 21 who was a citizen or wanted to become a citizen, who was the head of a family or had served in the military for 14 days or more, and who had never rebelled against the Union, would be granted 64 hectares (160 acres) of public land free of charge if they settled and cultivated it for five years, paying a registration fee of $10. Various supplementary bills were added later, but in reality these land laws were often used by large corporations and land speculators to buy up land, rather than by people who wanted to become independent farmers.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

アメリカ市民に公有地を提供した一連の自営農地法をいう。特殊的には 1862年5月 20日連邦議会で成立した自営農地法をさす。 1785年の土地法以来 19世紀前半に行われていた公有地処分法は連邦政府の歳入源確保を第1目的としたものであった。 1830年代無償払下げを要求する農民と労働者の連帯も G.エバンズらを指導者として進み，A.ジャクソン大統領は「公有地ができるだけ早く歳入源でなくならなければならない」と言明した。 46年ホームステッド法案が連邦議会に提出され，52年にいたって投票にかけられたが上院で否決。 48年自由土地党が綱領の一つとしてこれを掲げたが，60年まで大政党はこれを取上げず，南部と東部で反対勢力が強く制定が阻止された。 60年 G.グロウが再提案し上下両院を通過したが J.ブキャナン大統領が拒否権を行使。共和党の大統領選挙戦での勝利と南部諸州の分離により情勢が有利に展開し，62年5月 20日ようやく成立をみた。内容は，21歳以上のアメリカ市民あるいは市民になろうとする者で，家長または 14日間以上軍隊にいた者，連邦に反逆したことのない者に，10ドルの登録料で5年間定住し開墾すれば 64ha (160エーカー) の公有地を無償で譲渡するというものであった。その後種々の補足的法案が付加されたが，実質的にはこれらの土地法は，自営農民になろうとする者よりも，大企業，土地投機業者などの土地買占めに利用されることが多かった。

出典　ブリタニカ国際大百科事典小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典小項目事典について　情報

<<: Homespun - Homespun (English spelling)

>>: Oliver Wendell Holmes