Eclampsia - English spelling

Japanese: 子癇 - しかん(英語表記)Eclampsia
Eclampsia - English spelling
[What kind of disease is it?]
This is one of the most severe forms of pregnancy-induced hypertension (pregnancy toxemia) and is characterized by loss of consciousness and repeated whole-body convulsions. Depending on the time of onset, it is divided into three types: pregnancy-induced eclampsia, labor-induced eclampsia, and puerperal eclampsia.
Statistics show that eclampsia has a maternal mortality rate of 10-15% and a fetal mortality rate of 25-40%. Even if the disease is cured, it is an extremely dangerous disease that can leave behind a variety of after-effects.
However, in recent years, the mortality rates for both mothers and children have decreased significantly.
[Symptoms]
Symptoms of pregnancy-induced hypertension (toxemia of pregnancy) such as swelling, proteinuria, and high blood pressure appear, followed by sudden loss of consciousness and convulsions (eclampsia). Warning signs of an eclamptic attack include eye symptoms such as flickering vision and narrowing of the field of vision, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, and other stomach symptoms, as well as headaches, dizziness, tinnitus, and other cranial nerve symptoms.
A typical eclamptic seizure can be divided into four stages based on the symptoms:
Stage 1: The patient loses consciousness, the pupils dilate, and the facial muscles twitch.
●Stage 2: The whole body stiffens, arches, stops breathing, and the face turns purple.
Stage 3: Foaming at the mouth and generalized convulsions begin.
●Stage 4 seizures will subside, but the patient will begin snoring and fall into a deep coma. In some cases, the patient will gradually regain consciousness from this state, while in other cases, the patient will return to the stage 2 state and the seizures will repeat.
[Testing and diagnosis]
If a woman has pregnancy-induced hypertension (toxemia of pregnancy) during pregnancy, childbirth, or the puerperium, and loses consciousness and has convulsions, she may have eclampsia. If a woman with pregnancy-induced hypertension (toxemia of pregnancy) shows the signs of an eclamptic attack, she should be hospitalized immediately at a hospital that can treat both the mother and the baby. If the attacks are repeated and the woman continues to be in a deep coma or have difficulty breathing, it can become extremely dangerous for not only the fetus, but also the mother.
[Treatment]
The baby is isolated in a dark, quiet place to avoid external stimuli such as light, sound, and vibration. These stimuli can induce eclampsia. In addition, sedatives, antihypertensives, diuretics, and cardiac stimuli are used as drug therapy. Emergency treatment for convulsions involves giving the baby a sedative, turning the baby to its side, and securing the airway to prevent the risk of tongue biting.
In cases of eclampsia during pregnancy or labor, if symptoms worsen or there is fetal distress, expedited delivery techniques such as vacuum extraction or forceps delivery will be performed to speed up the delivery, and in some cases a Caesarean section will be performed.
[prevention]
Early detection and treatment of preeclampsia (pregnancy-induced hypertension) is the basis for prevention, and regular checkups during pregnancy are extremely important.
In your daily life, be sure to rest your body and mind and eat a low-salt diet to prevent the onset of pregnancy-induced hypertension (pregnancy toxemia).

Source: Shogakukan Home Medical Library Information

Japanese:
[どんな病気か]
 妊娠高血圧症候群(妊娠中毒症)(「妊娠高血圧症候群(妊娠中毒症)」)のもっとも重症なものの1つで、意識喪失(そうしつ)と反復する全身のけいれんが特徴です。発症の時期によって、妊娠子癇(にんしんしかん)、分娩子癇(ぶんべんしかん)、産褥子癇(さんじょくしかん)の3つに分けられます。
 子癇は、母体の死亡率が10~15%、胎児(たいじ)の死亡率が25~40%という統計もあり、また治癒(ちゆ)しても、さまざまな後遺症を残すことがある非常に危険な病気です。
 しかし、最近では母子ともに死亡率は著しく減少してきています。
[症状]
 むくみ、たんぱく尿、高血圧などの妊娠高血圧症候群(妊娠中毒症)の症状があって、意識喪失とけいれんが突然おこってきます(子癇発作(しかんほっさ))。子癇発作のまえぶれとして、目の前がちらちらしたり、視野が狭まるなどの眼症状、悪心(おしん)・嘔吐(おうと)、胃痛などの胃症状、頭痛、めまい、耳鳴りなどの脳神経症状などがみられることがあります。
 典型的な子癇発作では、症状によってつぎの4期に分けることができます。
●第1期
 意識を失い、瞳孔(どうこう)は散大(さんだい)し、顔面の筋肉が細かくけいれんします。
●第2期
 全身が硬直し、からだは弓なりにそり返り、呼吸も一時停止して顔面が紫色になります。
●第3期
 口から泡を吹いて全身けいれんが始まります。
●第4期
 けいれん発作はおさまりますが、いびきをかいて深い昏睡(こんすい)におちいります。この状態からしだいに意識が回復する場合と、再び第2期の状態にもどり、発作をくり返す場合があります。
[検査と診断]
 妊娠、分娩、産褥期に妊娠高血圧症候群(妊娠中毒症)があり、意識喪失とけいれん発作があれば子癇と考えられます。妊娠高血圧症候群(妊娠中毒症)の人に子癇発作のまえぶれがみられたときは、早急に母児双方とも治療のできる病院に入院する必要があります。発作をくり返し、深い昏睡状態や呼吸困難が続くと、胎児だけでなく、母体にとっても非常に危険な状態になるからです。
[治療]
 外部からの光、音、振動などの刺激を避けるために、暗くした静かな場所に隔離します。これらの刺激によって、子癇発作が誘発されることがあるからです。また、薬物療法として鎮静薬、降圧薬、利尿薬(りにょうやく)、強心薬(きょうしんやく)などを使用します。けいれんの救急処置としては、鎮静薬を与え、からだを横むきにし、気道を確保して舌をかむ危険を防ぐようにします。
 妊娠・分娩子癇で、症状の悪化や胎児仮死のある場合では、分娩を早くすませるために吸引分娩、鉗子分娩などの急速遂娩術(きゅうそくすいべんじゅつ)が行なわれ、場合によっては帝王切開(ていおうせっかい)を行ないます。
[予防]
 妊娠高血圧症候群(妊娠中毒症)の早期発見と早期治療が予防の基本で、妊娠中の定期健診がいちばんたいせつです。
 日常生活では、妊娠高血圧症候群(妊娠中毒症)の発症を防ぐため、心身の安静と減塩食を心がけましょう。

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