Warren, Robert Penn

Japanese: ウォレン（英語表記）Warren， Robert Penn

Born April 24, 1905 in Guthrie, Kentucky
Died September 15, 1989. Straton, Vermont. American poet, novelist, and critic. While studying at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, he became involved with The Fugitive, a poetry and criticism magazine led by J.C. Ransom that took a Southern agrarian stance. He was a professor at many universities and worked as an editor for the Southern Review and other publications, and was active in all fields of literature. His works, including the novel All the King's Men (1946) and the poetry collection Promises (57), are unique in that they deal with Southern themes and are endowed with a kind of religious quality through their symbolic techniques. Both of these works won the Pulitzer Prize. He was also a prominent critic of the New Criticism movement, and is known for his Selected Essays (58) and Understanding Poetry (38), a textbook co-authored with C. Brooks that applies the analytical methods of New Criticism to literary education. His other works include his debut novel, Night Rider (39), which deals with the Kentucky Tobacco Wars, World Enough and Time (50), Band of Angels (55), The Cave (59), Wilderness (61), Flood: a Romance of Our Time (64), and other novels based on historical events in America, as well as the short story collection The Circus in the Attic (48). In 1986, he was named the first American poet laureate.

Warren
Warren, J. Robin

Born June 11, 1937, Adelaide, Australia. A pathologist. After graduating from the University of Adelaide in 1961, he trained at several hospitals and worked as a pathologist at Royal Perth Hospital from 1968 to 1999. In 1979, he noticed the presence of an unknown rod-shaped bacterium, Helicobacter pylori, in the gastric mucosa of patients with gastritis. He then conducted research on Helicobacter pylori with Barry J. Marshall, a physician at the same hospital, and examined tissues from 100 patients, confirming the presence of the bacterium in almost all patients with gastritis, gastric ulcers, and duodenal ulcers. In 1982, he succeeded in isolating and culturing Helicobacter pylori. This overturned the conventional wisdom that stress and hyperacidity were the main causes of infection, and demonstrated that it was caused by Helicobacter pylori, bringing about a major revolution in prevention and treatment. For this achievement, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine together with Marshall in 2005. He was also awarded the Lasker Prize in 1995 and the Paul Ehrlich Prize in 1997.

Warren
Warren, Earl

Born: March 19, 1891, Los Angeles
[Died] July 9, 1974, Washington, DC
14th Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. Graduated from the University of California in 1912. Served as California's Supreme Court attorney from 1939 to 1943, and as governor of California from 1943 to 1953. Was the Republican vice presidential candidate in 1948 (the presidential candidate was T. Dewey), but lost the election. Served as Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1953 to 1969. On May 17, 1954, he ruled that racial discrimination in public schools was unconstitutional. Chairman of the Warren Commission, which was established on November 29, 1963 to investigate the assassination of President J. Kennedy (November 22, 1963, Dallas, Texas). In September 1964, he published the Warren Report, which concluded that suspect L. H. Oswald acted alone, but the truth of the case is still questioned. Retired in June 1969.

Warren
Warren, Mercy Otis

Born September 14, 1728 in Barnstable, Massachusetts.
Died: 1814. Barnstable, Massachusetts. A female poet, playwright, and historian active during the American Revolution. Wife of patriot leader J. Warren, she wrote satirical poems such as The Adulateur (1773) and The Group (1775) in the early days of the Revolution and became poet laureate. After independence, she defended the American Revolution in History of the Rise, Progress and Termiation of the American Revolution (1805).

Warren
Warren

A city in northeastern Ohio, United States. It is located on the Mahoning River about 25 km northwest of Youngstown. It is part of the Youngstown-Warren metropolitan area. The town was founded in 1799. It became a river port with the completion of the Pennsylvania-Ohio Canal in 1840, but declined in the mid-1850s as rail transport took over. The development of nearby coal mines led to the rise of steel manufacturing, and steel and electrical products remain the main industries. It is the location of a Packard factory, and Packard Music Hall serves as the city's cultural and entertainment center. Population 50,793 (1990).

Warren
Warren

A city in the southeastern part of Michigan, United States, located in the northern suburbs of Detroit. It was founded in 1837 and incorporated into a city in 1935 by merging with nearby towns and villages. Industrialization and residential development progressed from the 1920s, and it developed even more rapidly after World War II. It is home to the General Motors Technology Center, the Detroit Arsenal, and the Army Mobile Headquarters. Population: 134,056 (2010).

Warren
Warren, Joseph

Born June 10, 1741 in Roxbury, Massachusetts.
Died June 17, 1775 at Bunker Hill. Early leader of the American Revolution and physician. One of the drafters of the Suffolk Resolves, which protested the excesses of the powers of the American Congress in 1774. Member of the Massachusetts Revolutionary Council and the Boston Committee of Public Safety. Died at the Battle of Bunker Hill.

Warren
Warren, Governor Kemble

Born: July 8, 1830, Cold Spring, New York
[Died] August 8, 1882.
He was an American soldier and Army engineer who graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1850. He contributed to mapping the American West and served as a major in the Union Army and engineer officer for the Army of the Potomac at the Battle of Gettysburg (1863) during the American Civil War.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1905.4.24. ケンタッキー，ガスリー
[没]1989.9.15. バーモント，ストラトン
アメリカの詩人，小説家，批評家。テネシー州ナッシュビルのバンダービルト大学在学中から，J.C.ランサムに率いられた南部農本主義の立場に立つ詩と批評の雑誌『フュージティブ』 The Fugitiveに関係，多くの大学の教授を歴任しつつ，『サザン・レビュー』 Southern Reviewなどの編集にたずさわり，文学のあらゆる分野で活躍，小説『すべて王の臣下』 All the King's Men (1946) ，詩集『約束』 Promises (57) をはじめとする作品は，いずれも南部的主題を扱いつつ，象徴主義的手法によって一種の宗教性をそなえた独特のもので，上の2作はともにピュリッツァー賞を受けた。また新批評派の批評家としても重きをなし，『エッセー選集』 Selected Essays (58) ，C.ブルックスとの共著による新批評の分析的方法を文学教育に適用した教科書『詩の理解』 Understanding Poetry (38) などは有名。ほかに，ケンタッキーのたばこ戦争を扱った処女小説『覆面騎馬団』 Night Rider (39) をはじめ，『世界も時も』 World Enough and Time (50) ，『天使の群れ』 Band of Angels (55) ，『洞穴』 The Cave (59) ，『荒野』 Wilderness (61) ，『洪水』 Flood: a Romance of Our Time (64) などの，アメリカの歴史上の事件を題材にした小説や，短編集『屋根裏部屋のサーカス』 The Circus in the Attic (48) がある。 86年アメリカ初の桂冠詩人に選ばれた。

ウォレン
Warren， J. Robin

[生]1937.6.11. アデレード
オーストラリアの病理学者。 1961年アデレード大学を卒業後いくつかの病院で研修を重ね，1968～99年ロイヤルパース病院に病理医として勤めた。 1979年胃炎患者の胃粘膜に未知の桿状の細菌，ピロリ菌 (ヘリコバクター・ピロリ) が存在することに気づいた。その後，同病院の医師バリー・J.マーシャルとともにピロリ菌の研究を進め，患者 100人の組織を調べ，胃炎，胃潰瘍，十二指腸潰瘍のほとんどすべての患者からこの菌の存在を確認した。 1982年ピロリ菌の分離・培養に成功。ストレスや胃酸過多が主たる原因とみなされていたそれまでの常識を覆し，ピロリ菌による感染症であることを示し，予防や治療に大きな変革をもたらした。この功績により，2005年マーシャルとともにノーベル生理学・医学賞を受賞。 1995年ラスカー賞，1997年パウル・エールリヒ賞受賞。

ウォレン
Warren， Earl

[生]1891.3.19. ロサンゼルス
[没]1974.7.9. ワシントンD.C.
アメリカ第 14代連邦最高裁判所長官。 1912年カリフォルニア大学卒業。 39～43年カリフォルニア州最高法務官。 43～53年同州知事。 48年共和党副大統領候補 (大統領候補は T.デューイ) となったが選挙で敗れた。 53～69年連邦最高裁判所長官。 54年5月 17日公立学校での人種差別は違憲と判決。 J.ケネディ大統領暗殺事件 (1963.11.22.テキサス州ダラス) の調査のため，63年 11月 29日設置されたウォレン委員会委員長。 64年9月，容疑者 L.H.オズワルドの単独犯行と断定するウォレン報告を公表したが，真相はいまだ疑問視されている。 69年6月引退。

ウォレン
Warren， Mercy Otis

[生]1728.9.14. マサチューセッツ，バーンスタブル
[没]1814. マサチューセッツ，バーンスタブル
アメリカ独立革命期に活躍した女流詩人，劇作家，歴史家。愛国派指導者 J.ウォレンの妻で，独立革命の初期に風刺詩『へつらう人』 The Adulateur (1773) や『グループ』 The Group (75) を書いて桂冠詩人となった。独立後には『アメリカ独立革命の勃発，進展，終結の歴史』 History of the Rise，Progress and Termiation of the American Revolution (1805) を著わしアメリカ独立革命を擁護した。

ウォレン
Warren

アメリカ合衆国，オハイオ州北東部の都市。ヤングズタウンの北西方約 25kmのマホニング川河畔に位置する。ヤングズタウン＝ウォレン大都市圏に含まれる。町の起源は 1799年。 1840年ペンシルバニア＝オハイオ運河の完成により河港となったが，50年代中途で鉄道輸送に代り衰微。付近の炭鉱の開発で製鉄が興り，現在も鉄鋼，電気製品が主要業種。パッカード系工場の所在地で，パッカード音楽ホールは市内の文化，娯楽センターとなっている。人口5万 793 (1990) 。

ウォレン
Warren

アメリカ合衆国，ミシガン州南東部，デトロイトの北部郊外の都市。 1837年に始り，付近の町村を合併して 1935年に市制をしいた。 20年代から工業化と住宅地化が進み，第2次世界大戦後は一層急速に発展した。ゼネラル・モーターズの技術センター，デトロイト兵器廠，陸軍機動本部などがある。人口 13万4056（2010）。