Walpole, Sir Robert, 1st Earl of Orford

Japanese: ウォルポール（英語表記）Walpole， Sir Robert， 1st Earl of Orford

Born: 26 August 1676, Houghton Hall, Norfolkshire
[Died] March 18, 1745. British politician who is considered to be the first Prime Minister of London. After being educated at Cambridge University, in 1700, he inherited his father's estate, which was heavily in debt, and his family's constituency upon his death. He was elected to Parliament from this constituency in the same year, and in 1701 became a Whig member of parliament. From 1708, he served as Secretary of State for War and other positions, and in 1715 he became Lord Chancellor of the Exchequer and Minister of the Treasury, but resigned after about two years over British foreign policy. He returned to the government shortly thereafter as Inspector General of Military Payments. In 1721, during the political turmoil following the South Sea Bubble, he demonstrated his political skills, increasing his reputation and becoming Lord Chancellor again. He served in this position for over 20 years until 1742, leading the government. During that time, he promoted a policy of peace abroad, and domestically, he promoted the development of a responsible cabinet system based on the stability of the Whig Party in the House of Commons through bribing. After 1737 his political position began to weaken, and discontent with Walpole grew due to his unfavorable performance in the wars with Spain and the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-48). Although he won the general election in 1741, he resigned the following year. After his resignation he was created 1st Earl of Orford.

Walpole
Walpole, Sir Hugh (Seymour)

Born: March 13, 1884 in Auckland, New Zealand
[Died] June 1, 1941. Keswick, Cumberland. British novelist. Graduated from Cambridge University. Published his debut novel, The Wooden Horse, in 1909. Mr. Perrin and Mr. Traill (1911), a novel about school life, was followed by Fortitude (13), a huge success. The Secret City (19) won him the James Tate Black Prize, and in his later years he broke new ground with historical fiction. His other works include critical essays on Conrad and Trollope.

Walpole
Walpole, Horace, 4th Earl of Oxford

Born: September 24, 1717, London
[Died] March 2, 1797, London. British novelist and politician. Son of Prime Minister R. Walpole, and Member of Parliament. He built a Gothic mansion in Strawberry Hill near London, collected art, and wrote the Gothic novel The Castle of Otranto (1764), which sparked a fad for horror novels. His letters, written between 1732 and 1797, are also famous and contain autobiographical accounts as well as observations and opinions on the society and politics of the time, making them important sources of information.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1676.8.26. ノーフォークシャー，ホートンホール
[没]1745.3.18. ロンドン
初代首相とされるイギリスの政治家。ケンブリッジ大学で教育を受けたあと，1700年父の死により，多額の債務を負う所領と，同家の選挙区を相続。同年この選挙区から議員に選出され，01年ホイッグ党の議員になった。 08年より陸軍長官その他の職を経て，15年大蔵総裁兼大蔵大臣になったが，イギリスの外交政策をめぐって約2年で辞職。ほどなく軍事支払総監として政府に復帰。 21年南海泡沫事件後の政局混乱に際して政治的手腕を発揮し，名声を高め再び大蔵総裁に就任。 42年まで 20年以上在職し，政府を指導。その間，対外平和政策を推進するとともに，国内的には買収による下院ホイッグ党勢力の安定を基礎に，責任内閣制の発達を促した。 37年以降政治的立場が弱まりはじめ，対スペイン戦争，オーストリア継承戦争 (1740～48) における戦況の不利からウォルポールに対する不満が高まり，41年の総選挙では勝利を収めたものの，翌年辞職した。辞任後，初代オーフォード伯に叙せられた。

ウォルポール
Walpole， Sir Hugh (Seymour)

[生]1884.3.13. ニュージーランド，オークランド
[没]1941.6.1. カンバーランド，ケジック
イギリスの小説家。ケンブリッジ大学卒業。 1909年に処女作『木馬』 The Wooden Horseを発表。『ペリン氏とトレイル氏』 Mr. Perrin and Mr. Traill (1911) は学校生活を主題とする小説で，続く『不屈の勇気』 Fortitude (13) で大成功を収めた。『秘密都市』 The Secret City (19) によってジェームズ・テート・ブラック賞を得，晩年は歴史小説に新境地を開いた。ほかに，コンラッド，トロロープに関する評論など。

ウォルポール
Walpole， Horace， 4th Earl of Oxford

[生]1717.9.24. ロンドン
[没]1797.3.2. ロンドン
イギリスの小説家，政治家。首相 R.ウォルポールの子で，国会議員。ロンドン近郊ストロベリー・ヒルにゴシック風の大邸宅を構え美術品を集め，ゴシック小説『オトラントーの城』 The Castle of Otranto (1764) を書いて，いわゆる恐怖小説の流行をもたらした。 1732年から 97年の間に書かれた書簡も有名で，自伝的な記述のほか当時の社会，政治に関する観察や意見がみられ，資料としても重要である。

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