German physicist and physiologist. Born in Potsdam. He aimed to study mathematics and physics, but due to family circumstances, he studied at the Friedrich Wilhelm Medical Institute as a scholarship student. After graduating, he worked at a charity hospital in Berlin (1842), and then served as a military doctor in Potsdam from 1843 to 1848. During this time, he compiled papers on putrefaction and fermentation, and studied muscle thermogenesis. In 1847, he delivered a lecture entitled "On the Conservation of Force" at the Physical Society of Berlin, which is an immortal achievement in that it established the principle of conservation of energy as a universal law in a more organized form, independently of Mayer. After completing his duties as a military doctor in 1848, he became a lecturer in anatomy at the Berlin School of Fine Arts, and in 1849 became a professor of physiology at the University of Königsberg (now the Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University), where he conducted research on the transmission of nerve impulses, devised a method for measuring minute time (1850), and began research on electricity at the same time. In 1851 he invented the ophthalmoscope, and in 1855 he moved to the University of Bonn, where he was professor of anatomy and physiology, and studied physiological optics. He also began research into physiological acoustics, pioneering his own field. He also invented the stereoscope, and studied fluid dynamics, proposing his famous vortex theorem. Shortly thereafter, he was invited by Kirchhoff to move to the University of Heidelberg (1858), where he continued his research into hearing and acoustics, while also devoting himself to the problem of the axioms of geometry. In 1869, Helmholtz shifted his research focus to physics. In 1871, he became professor of physics at the University of Berlin, where he worked on electrodynamics, addressing the problem of action at a distance and action near the field, and also contributed to fluid mechanics, optics, meteorology, and epistemology. In particular, his application of thermodynamic theory to thermochemistry and electrochemistry (1877) was a notable achievement. In 1877, he became rector of the University of Berlin, and delivered his famous inaugural address, "On Academic Freedom in German Universities." He was later made a nobleman, and in 1884, he became director of the National Technical Institute when it was established, and made a great achievement as a research organizer. H. R. Hertz was his favorite student, and following his advice, he experimentally confirmed electromagnetic waves. His work on the dispersion theory of light (1892) and the three primary colors theory of perception (1894) are also well known. As a philosopher, he belongs to the early Neo-Kantian school. [Jun Fujimura] "On the Permanence of Power" by Helmholtz, translated by Yuri Yajima (Iwanami Bunko) [References] | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ドイツの物理学者、生理学者。ポツダムに生まれる。数学・物理学を志向したが、家庭の都合により、給費生としてフリードリヒ・ウィルヘルム医学研究所に学んで、卒業後ベルリンの慈善病院に勤務(1842)、ついで1843~1848年ポツダムで軍医を務めた。この間、腐敗と発酵に関する論文をまとめ、また筋の熱発生を研究した。また1847年にはベルリンの物理学会で「力の保存について」という講演を行ったが、これはマイヤーとは独立に、より整った形でエネルギー保存の原理を普遍的法則として確立した不朽の業績である。1848年軍医の義務を終えると、ベルリンの美術学校の解剖学講師を務め、1849年ケーニヒスベルク大学(現、イマヌエル・カント・バルト連邦大学)の生理学教授となり、神経の刺激の伝播(でんぱ)に関する研究を行い、微小時間の測定方法を考え(1850)、かたわら電気学の研究を開始した。1851年に検眼鏡を発明、1855年ボン大学に移り、解剖学・生理学の教授として生理光学を研究し、また生理音響学の研究をも開始して独自の分野を開拓した。また立体望遠鏡を発明し、流体力学を研究して有名な渦の定理を提出している。その後まもなくキルヒホッフの招きを受けてハイデルベルク大学に移り(1858)、聴覚および音響学の研究を続ける一方、幾何学の公理の問題に没頭した。 ヘルムホルツは1869年から物理学に研究の主題を移した。1871年ベルリン大学物理学教授になって電気力学を扱い、遠隔作用・近接作用の問題に取り組み、そのほか流体力学、光学、気象学、認識論などに貢献した。とりわけ熱力学理論の熱化学および電気化学への適用(1877)は著しい業績である。1877年ベルリン大学総長となり、有名な「ドイツの大学における学問的自由について」という就任演説を行った。その後、貴族に列せられ、1884年国立理工学研究所の設立にあたってその所長となり、研究組織者としての業績を残した。H・R・ヘルツは彼の愛(まな)弟子であり、彼の勧めに従って電磁波を実験的に確認した。なお、光の分散理論(1892)、知覚に関する三原色説(1894)などの業績もよく知られる。哲学者としては初期の新カント派に属している。 [藤村 淳] 『ヘルムホルツ著、矢島祐利訳『力の恒存について』(岩波文庫)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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