Persia (English spelling)

Japanese: ペルシア(英語表記)Persia
Persia (English spelling)
The ancient name of present-day Iran. This name comes from the Greek word for Pars (now Fars), the former site of the Achaemenid Empire, located east of the Persian Gulf. The Persians themselves called it Iran (meaning the birthplace of the Aryans). Indo-Europeans migrated in the early 2nd millennium BC, and some of them founded Media in the late 7th century BC. The Achaemenid Empire overthrew them in 550 BC, and Darius I built a great empire. Alexander the Great destroyed them in 330 BC, but the Seleucid Empire later took control, and Parthia was established around 248 BC. In 226 AD, the Sassanid Empire restored the state of the Iranian people, adopted Zoroastrianism as the state religion, and developed a unique culture. After 642, it came under the control of Islamic forces. The Samanid dynasty arose in the mid-9th century, but after the end of the 10th century it was conquered by Turkish dynasties such as the Ghaznavids and Seljuks, and was ruled by the Ilkhanate from the late 13th century and then by the Timurids. After this long period of rule by foreign tribes, the country experienced a national revival under the Safavid dynasty (Shiite) in 1502, and while in conflict with the Ottoman Empire (Sunni), it entered into the Golden Age of Iranian modern history. In the 18th century, apart from the conquest by Nadir Shah, the country continued to split apart, and in 1779 the Qajar dynasty was established, but it was semi-colonized by both Britain and Russia (the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907). In response to this, a sense of awakening arose among the people, and a constitutional system was realized in 1906. Although Iran declared neutrality during World War I, the country was caught between Britain and Russia on the one hand and Germany and Turkey on the other, and the country was turned into a battlefield, and the country was in a state of intense turmoil. In 1925, Reza Khan (Reza Shah Pahlavi) was elected king by parliament and founded the Pahlavi dynasty, and in 1935 the country's name was changed to Iran.

Source: Obunsha World History Dictionary, Third Edition About Obunsha World History Dictionary, Third Edition

Japanese:
現在のイランの古称
この名は,ペルシア湾東方に位置したアケメネス朝の故地パールス(現ファールス)のギリシア語に由来し,ペルシア人自身はイラン(アーリア族の発祥地の意)と呼ぶ。前2000年紀初めインド−ヨーロッパ語族が移動してきて,その一部は前7世紀後半にメディアを建国したが,前550年アケメネス朝がこれを倒し,ダレイオス1世のとき,大帝国を建設した。前330年アレクサンドロス大王はこれを滅ぼしたが,のちセレウコス朝が支配し,前248年ごろにはパルティアが成立した。後226年にササン朝がイラン民族の国家を再興し,ゾロアスター教を国教として独自の文化を発展させた。642年以後はイスラーム勢力の支配下にはいった。9世紀半ばごろ,サーマーン朝がおこったが,10世紀末以後,ガズナ朝・セルジューク朝などのトルコ系諸王朝に征服され,13世紀後半からイル−ハン国に,その後はティムール朝に支配された。この長期間の異民族による支配ののち,1502年サファヴィー朝(シーア派)の下で民族復興の機を迎え,オスマン帝国(スンナ派)と対立しながらイラン近世史上の黄金時代を現出した。18世紀にはナーディル=シャーによる征覇のほかは分裂が続き,1779年にカージャール朝の成立をみたが,イギリス・ロシア両勢力により半植民地化(1907年英露協商)された。これに対し,国民間に覚醒の機運が生まれ,1906年立憲制が実現した。第一次世界大戦には中立を宣言したが,イギリス・ロシアとドイツ・トルコの間にはさまれて国土は戦場化し,混乱は激しかった。1925年にレザー=ハーン(レザー=シャー=パフレヴィー)が議会の推挙により王となってパフレヴィー朝を創始し,1935年国名をイランと改めた。

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