Khwārazm (English spelling)

Japanese: ホラズム - ほらずむ(英語表記)Khwārazm
Khwārazm (English spelling)

The name of the region in Central Asia, located in the lower reaches of the Amu Darya. It is written as Khwarizm or Khorazm. Irrigation agriculture has been developed here since ancient times, and it flourished as a trading center between nomads and oasis dwellers, nurturing Iranian culture. In the early 8th century, it was conquered by the Arabs and Islamized, and eventually became a center of Islamic culture, producing scholars such as Khwarizmi and Biruni. In the first half of the 11th century, it came under the control of the Ghaznavid dynasty and then the Seljuk dynasty, and became increasingly Turkified. Then, the Khwarezmian dynasty arose from this area, and in the early 13th century, it became a powerful nation that controlled Western Turkistan and the whole of Iran, but in 1221 it was conquered by the Mongol army, and in the late 14th century it became part of the Timurid Empire. In the early 16th century, the Khiba Khanate was established here, but in 1873 it became a vassal state of Russia. After the Russian Revolution, the Khwarezmian People's Soviet Republic was born for a time. It currently serves both Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan.

[Toru Horikawa]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

中央アジアのアムダリヤ下流域をさす地方名。フワーリズムともコラズムとも表記される。古くから灌漑(かんがい)農業が発達し、遊牧民とオアシス住民の交易地として栄え、イラン文化をはぐくんできた。8世紀初頭アラブ人に征服されてイスラム化し、やがてイスラム文化の一中心地となってフワーリズミー、ビールーニーなどの学者を生んだ。11世紀前半にガズナ朝、ついでセルジューク朝の支配下に入ってトルコ化が進んだ。そして、この地からホラズム・シャー朝が勃興(ぼっこう)し、13世紀初頭には西トルキスタン、イラン全土を支配する強国となったが、1221年モンゴル軍に征服され、14世紀後半にティームール帝国領となった。16世紀初頭ヒバ・ハン国がここに建設されたが、1873年にヒバ・ハン国はロシアの属国となった。ロシア革命後一時ホラズム人民ソビエト共和国が誕生した。現在ではウズベキスタン、トルクメニスタン両国に所属している。

[堀川 徹]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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