Giovanni Verga

Japanese: ベルガ - べるが(英語表記)Giovanni Verga
Giovanni Verga

Italian novelist and playwright. Born in Catania, an ancient seaport at the foot of Mount Etna in Sicily. His father's family was from an aristocratic family in Bizzini, a town about 50 kilometers inland southwest of Catania, and his mother's family was from a wealthy old family in the city of Catania. His paternal grandfather was a local influential member of the Carbonari Party, a secret political society, and his family had a free-spirited atmosphere. Verga's youth overlapped with the turbulent period of modern national unification in Italy. Since there were no suitable educational institutions, he received his secondary education from Antonio Abade, a lay priest and distant relative. Heavily influenced by his teacher, who was an enthusiastic patriot and poet, Verga wrote his debut novel, "Amour et Patria" at the early age of 15. However, this full-length novel was only published in later years, with only a few chapters released, and remained unpublished. In 1858, he entered the University of Catania and enrolled in the Faculty of Law, but when Garibaldi's expedition landed on the island of Sicily, he was inspired by the patriotic actions of the expedition and joined the National Guard, founding a weekly political and literary newspaper, Rome of the Italians. In 1861-1862, he wrote the historical novel The Carbonari of the Mountains, and in 1863, he serialized the novel On the Mud Flats in the Florentine magazine La Nuova Europa. All three of these early works deal with the story of the Italian independence movement. However, the establishment of the modern Italian state simultaneously pushed Sicily into the periphery. Wanting to make a name for himself in the central literary world, and dissatisfied with life in the provinces, in 1865 he went to Florence, then the capital of Italy, where he frequented literary salons and wrote sentimental works such as The Guilty Woman (1866) and The Tale of the Wild Boar (1871). In 1872 he moved to Milan, where he published a succession of romantic works, including Eba (1873), The King's Tiger, and Eros (both 1875), becoming a popular writer. He also participated in the avant-garde artist group Scapigliatura.

[Hideaki Kawashima]

Literary turning point

However, a turning point came in 1874. His pamphlet Nedda (1874), subtitled "Sketches from Sicily", captured his homeland Sicily with a fresh perspective and opened up new literary horizons. In it, he portrayed the lowest classes of society, including small farmers, shepherds, fishermen, and miners, all suffering under the strain of the modern state. His short stories, such as La vie das bucolica (1880), Pastoral Novels (1883), and his long novels The Malaboglias (1881) and Mastro Don Gesualdo (1889), broke with the rhetorical traditions of Italian literature and, from a self-absorbed perspective, portrayed poor and ignorant Sicilians acting on primitive instincts, as well as the unique climate reminiscent of the ancient Greek world, establishing a new literary realism in Italy. This was named verismo, and because of its attitude of truly placing the people in history and society, it was inherited by the neorealist literature of Pavese and Vittoriini, and became the source of modern Italian literature. One literary figure who evaluated Verga's work from the perspective of pre-Christian, anti-modern civilization, was D. H. Lawrence, who translated his novels into English and critiqued them with deep sympathy.

[Hideaki Kawashima]

"Nedda" translated by Hideaki Kawashima (included in "Cavalleria Rusticana" and others, Iwanami Bunko)"

[References] | The Malaboria family

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

イタリアの小説家、劇作家。シチリア島エトナ火山の麓(ふもと)にある古くからの海港、カターニアに生まれる。父方はカターニアから南西へ約50キロメートル内陸に入った町ビッズィーニの貴族の出身であり、母方はカターニア市の富裕な旧家の出であった。父方の祖父は政治秘密結社カルボナリ党の地方有力者でもあり、一家には自由な気風が流れていた。ベルガの青春は、イタリアの近代国家統一の激動期と重なり合う。適当な教育機関がなかったために、遠い親戚(しんせき)筋にあたる在俗司祭アントーニオ・アバーデに中等教育を受けた。熱狂的な愛国者であり詩人でもあったこの師の影響を強く受けて、ベルガは15歳のときに早くも処女作『愛と祖国』を書いた。しかしこの長編小説は、後年、数章が発表されただけで、未刊に終わった。1858年にはカターニア大学に入り法学部に籍を置いたが、おりからガリバルディの遠征隊がシチリア島に上陸したため、その愛国的行動に共鳴して、国家防衛隊に参加し、政治と文学の週刊紙『イタリア人のローマ』を創刊した。1861~1862年には歴史小説『山のカルボナリ党』を書き、翌1863年にはフィレンツェの雑誌『ラ・ヌオーバ・エウローパ』に小説『干潟の上で』を連載した。これらの初期三部作はいずれもイタリア独立運動にまつわる物語を扱っている。しかしながらイタリア近代国家の成立は、その達成と同時に、シチリアを周縁の地域に押し込めてしまった。ベルガは中央の文学界に出て名をあげようと考え、地方生活の不満もあって、1865年に当時イタリアの首都であったフィレンツェに赴き、文学サロンに出入りして、感傷的な作品『罪ある女』(1866)や『山雀(やまがら)物語』(1871)を、また1872年にはミラノに移って『エーバ』(1873)、『王の虎(とら)』『エロス』(ともに1875)などのロマン主義的な作品を次々と発表して、流行作家になった。前衛芸術家集団スカピリアトゥーラの運動にも参加した。

[河島英昭]

文学的転機

けれども転機は1874年に訪れた。「シチリアのスケッチ」という副題をつけた小冊子『ネッダ』(1874)は、斬新(ざんしん)な目で故郷シチリアをとらえ返し、新しい文学の地平を切り開いた。近代国家のひずみを受けて、極貧の生活にあえぐ零細農民、羊飼い、漁民、鉱山労働者など、社会の最下層の人々が描き出された。短編集『田園生活』(1880)、『田園小説集』(1883)、長編『マラボリア家の人びと』(1881)、『マストロ・ドン・ジェズアルド』(1889)などは、従来のイタリア文学の修辞的伝統を打ち破り、没我の視点から、原始的本能のままに行動する貧しく無知なシチリア人と、古代ギリシア世界を思わせる特異な風土とを描いて、新しいリアリズムの文学をイタリアに確立した。これは真実主義(ベリズモ)と名づけられ、民衆を歴史と社会のうちに真に位置づける態度から、パベーゼやビットリーニのネオレアリズモ文学に引き継がれ、現代イタリア文学の源流をなすに至った。なお、ベルガの作品をキリスト以前の、反近代文明という視点から評価し、深い共感を込めて小説の英訳と論評とを行った文学者にD・H・ローレンスがいる。

[河島英昭]

『河島英昭訳『ネッダ』(『カヴァレリーア・ルスティカーナ他』所収・岩波文庫)』

[参照項目] | マラボリア家の人びと

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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