Perrin - Jean Baptiste Perrin

Japanese: ペラン - ぺらん(英語表記)Jean Baptiste Perrin
Perrin - Jean Baptiste Perrin

French physical chemist. Born in Lille on September 30th. Jean Perrin, who made a major contribution to the establishment of modern atomic theory, received his secondary education in Lyon and then went to Paris to study at the École Normale Supérieure (Ecole Normale Supérieure), one of France's highest educational institutions. The turning point of the 19th and 20th centuries was the famous "atomic theory vs. energy monism" debate in the history of physics, and Perrin's teacher, Marcel Bruhin, was a strong opponent of Ostwald-Mach's energy monism and an enthusiastic advocate of Boltzmann's atomic theory. Perrin's influence on him was decisive. In 1896, he received the Joule Prize from the Royal Society of Science, and the following year, he obtained his doctorate. It was mainly from the 1900s that the atomic and molecular theory perspective that had been established in him since his student days due to Bruhin's influence began to take shape as concrete research. The irregular movement of microscopic colloidal particles in liquid is called Brownian motion, and its cause was unknown for a long time, but around 1905-1906, Einstein, Smoluchowski and others theoretically derived that it was due to molecular motion and collisions in liquid. Perrin devoted himself to experimental verification of this theory. For this experiment, for example, a dispersion of colloidal particles with a perfectly uniform radius and a perfectly spherical shape must be created, and in his famous enlightening book Les Atomes (1913), he movingly describes how difficult this task was in reality at the stage of experimental technology in the early 20th century. Through these studies, he conclusively established the correctness of Einstein's theory, and by extension, the molecular theory and molecular kinetic theory. Thus, in 1926, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his "studies on the discontinuous structure (molecular structure) of matter."

In 1936, Perrin, as Director of the Scientific Research Agency in the first Popular Front government, founded the important national scientific research organization, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), which continues to this day. During World War II, due to his fierce anti-fascist views, he fled to the United States, where he helped to establish the Ecole Libre des Hautes Etudes (Free French University) in New York, where he died on April 17, 1942. After the war, his body was returned to his native France and reburied in the Pantheon.

[Tsurutaro Nakagawa]

"The Atom" translated by Tamamushi Bunichi (Iwanami Bunko)

[Reference] | Bruan

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

フランスの物理化学者。9月30日、リールで生まれる。近代原子論の確立に大きな貢献をしたジャン・ペランはリヨンで中等教育を受けたのちパリに出て、フランスの最高学府の一つである高等師範学校(エコール・ノルマル・シュペリュール)で学んだ。19~20世紀の転回点は物理学史上有名な「原子論対エネルギー一元論論争」の時代でもあるが、ペランの師マルセル・ブリュアンはオストワルト‐マッハのエネルギー一元論の強力な反対者であり、ボルツマンの原子論の熱心な唱道者であった。ペランがこの師から受けた影響は決定的であった。1896年に彼はイギリス王立科学協会のジュール賞を受け、翌1897年には学位を取得した。ブリュアンの影響で学生時代から彼のなかに定着した原子・分子論的観点が具体的な研究として現実化し始めるのは主として1900年代からである。顕微鏡的なコロイド粒子が液体中で示す不規則な運動はブラウン運動とよばれ、その原因は長い間不明であったが、1905~1906年ごろアインシュタイン、スモルコフスキーらにより、これが液体の分子運動、分子衝突によるものであることが理論的に導かれた。ペランはこの理論の実験的検証に精力を傾けた。この実験には、たとえば真球形で半径の完全にそろったコロイド粒子の分散液をつくらねばならないが、20世紀初期の実験技術の段階でこの作業が現実にいかに労苦に満ちたものであるかは、彼の有名な啓蒙(けいもう)書『原子』Les Atomes(1913)のなかに感動的に描かれている。彼はこれらの研究により、アインシュタインの理論の正しさ、ひいては分子論、分子運動論の正しさを決定的なものにした。こうして1926年にはこの「物質の不連続的構造(分子的構造)の研究」に対しノーベル物理学賞が授けられた。

 1936年、ペランは第一次人民戦線内閣の科学研究庁長官として、今日に引き継がれている重要な国立科学研究組織Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique(CNRS)を創立した。第二次世界大戦中はその激しい反ファシズム思想のゆえにアメリカに亡命し、ニューヨークで「自由フランス大学」Ecole Libre des Hautes Etudesの創立に協力、1942年4月17日同地で死去した。戦後その遺体は母国フランスに戻され、改めてパンテオンに葬られた。

[中川鶴太郎]

『玉虫文一訳『原子』(岩波文庫)』

[参照項目] | ブリュアン

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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