A type of polysaccharide with a strong anticoagulant effect. It was named heparin because it was first isolated from dog liver (Latin: hepar). It is found in large amounts in the small intestine and lungs, as well as in the skin and thymus. Most commercially available products are derived from the intestine. Structurally, heparin belongs to a class of polysaccharides called glycosaminoglycans (also called acidic mucopolysaccharides). The name glycosaminoglycan refers to the fact that it is a polysaccharide (glycan means polysaccharide) that contains glycosamine (a general term for compounds in which one of the hydroxyl groups of sugars -OH is replaced with an amino group -NH2 ; also called amino sugar), but its chemical structure is a repeating disaccharide backbone of glycosamine and uronic acid (a general term for compounds in which the terminal carbon opposite the carbonyl group of a sugar becomes a carboxyl group -COOH). In heparin, the glycosamine portion is D-glucosamine (a compound in which one of the hydroxyl groups -OH of D-glucose is replaced with an amino group -NH2 ), and the uronic acid portion is D-glucuronic acid (a compound in which the terminal carbon opposite the carbonyl group of D-glucose is a carboxyl group -COOH) or L-iduronic acid (a compound in which the terminal carbon opposite the carbonyl group of L-idose, a type of aldohexose, is a carboxyl group -COOH). Furthermore, the amino group and 6-hydroxyl group of most glucosamines, and the 2-hydroxyl group of some iduronic acids, are sulfated, making it the glycosaminoglycan with the highest degree of sulfatedness. The molecular weight is heterogeneous, ranging from 6,000 to 20,000. Heparin is synthesized as proteoheparin (a precursor of heparin, a giant molecule with a molecular weight of 1 million) in mast cells (also called fat cells, which contain secretory granules such as heparin and histamine and are found in large quantities around blood vessels), and the molecular weight of this is increased to 6,000-20,000 by the action of endo-β-glucuronidase, and it is stored in the granules of mast cells after binding to histamine and other substances. Heparin promotes the blood coagulation inhibitory action of antithrombin III (a glycoprotein that inhibits the action of thrombin, which is involved in blood coagulation). Clinically, it is used to treat disseminated intravascular coagulation and thromboembolism, and to prevent coagulation of returning blood during extracorporeal blood circulation. [Tokuhisa Sachiko] [References] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
強力な血液凝固阻止作用をもつ多糖類の一種。初めイヌの肝臓(ラテン語hepar)から分離されたのでheparinと命名された。小腸、肺に多く、皮膚、胸腺その他にも存在する。市販品は腸由来のものが多い。 構造的にはヘパリンはグリコサミノグリカン(酸性ムコ多糖ともいう)とよばれる多糖類に属す。グリコサミノグリカンという名はグリコサミン(糖のヒドロキシ基-OHの一つがアミノ基-NH2と置換した化合物の総称。アミノ糖ともいう)を含んだ多糖類(グリカンglycanは多糖を表す)ということを表すが、化学構造はグリコサミンとウロン酸(糖のカルボニル基と反対の末端の炭素がカルボキシ基-COOHになった化合物の総称)の2糖の繰返し構造を骨格とする。ヘパリンではグリコサミンの部分がD-グルコサミン(D-グルコースのヒドロキシ基-OHの一つがアミノ基-NH2と置換した化合物)、ウロン酸の部分がD-グルクロン酸(D-グルコースのカルボニル基と反対の末端の炭素がカルボキシ基-COOHになった化合物)あるいはL-イズロン酸(アルドヘキソースの一種であるL-イドースのカルボニル基と反対の末端の炭素がカルボキシ基-COOHになった化合物)が骨格をなす。さらに大部分のグルコサミンのアミノ基と6位のヒドロキシ基、および一部のイズロン酸の2位のヒドロキシ基が硫酸化されており、もっとも硫酸化程度が高いグリコサミノグリカンである。分子量は6000~2万と不均一である。 ヘパリンはマスト細胞(肥満細胞ともいう。ヘパリンやヒスタミンなどの分泌顆粒(かりゅう)を含み、血管周囲に多く存在する)中でプロテオヘパリン(ヘパリンの前駆体で分子量100万の巨大分子)として生合成され、エンド-β(ベータ)-グルクロニダーゼの作用で、分子量6000~2万となり、ヒスタミンなどと結合してマスト細胞の顆粒中に貯蔵される。ヘパリンはアンチトロンビンⅢ(血液凝固に関与するトロンビンなどの働きを阻害する糖タンパク質)の血液凝固阻害作用を促進する。臨床的には、播種(はしゅ)性血管内凝固症候群および血栓塞栓(そくせん)症の治療、血液体外循環時における還流血液の凝固防止などに用いられる。 [徳久幸子] [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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