Morgan, CL (English name) Morgan CL

For example, in Chapter 8 of On the Origin of Species, titled "Instincts," the father of modern biology, C. Darwin defined instinctive behavior as "behavior performed by many individuals of the same species without experience and without consciousness of its purpose," and considered it to be hereditary and subject to natural selection like other physical characteristics. In contrast, psychologists such as W. James and Cowny Lloyd Morgan (1852-1936) characterized instincts as innate and spontaneous, but emphasized their variability and basically considered instincts to be a precursor form of intelligent behavior. Also, William McDougal (1871-1938) classified instincts into 13 higher instincts from a functional point of view and associated them with emotional excitement that occurs in the minds of animals.

*Some of the terminology referenced in "Morgan, CL" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

…例えば近代生物学の祖C.ダーウィンは，《種の起原》第8章〈本能〉において〈経験なしに，その目的を意識せずに，同一種の多くの個体によってなされる行動〉を本能行動と定義し，他の身体的特徴と同様に遺伝し，自然淘汰の対象となるものとみなした。これに対してW.ジェームズやモーガンCowny Lloyd Morgan(1852‐1936)などの心理学者は本能を生得性と自発性によって特徴づけながらも，その可変性を強調し，基本的に本能を知的行動の前駆形態とみなす立場をとった。またマクドゥーガルWilliam McDougal(1871‐1938)は機能的観点から13の上位本能に分類し，それを動物の心に生じる情緒的な興奮と関連づけた。…

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