Peace research

Japanese: 平和研究 - へいわけんきゅう(英語表記)peace research
Peace research

It is an academic field that scientifically investigates the causes of conflict (war) and the conditions for peace, and creatively designs the process of transformation in human society; it is also called peace science or peace studies.

Peace studies was born in the West in the late 1950s as the "science of human survival" when humanity was faced with a life-or-death crisis due to the emergence of nuclear weapons and the escalation of the Cold War. It was initially focused on the study of "negative peace," that is, the avoidance or absence of war (direct or active violence). However, in the 1960s, with the emergence of the North-South problem, peace studies expanded its scope to include the issue of structural violence raised by J. Galtung. It aimed to study poverty, hunger, political oppression, and alienation that are built into the social structure itself, and aimed to be a "science of the realization of humanity" that aims for the integration and harmony of human society where human rights and justice are achieved. In a word, it is the study of "positive peace." However, the development of the concept of limited nuclear war between the United States and the Soviet Union in the 1970s brought the focus of peace studies back to the issue of war. The increasing militarization of the Third World after the Cold War and the frequent occurrence of ethnic and regional conflicts around the world demonstrate the importance of war (conflict) studies in peace research. The issues in peace research are diverse due to the ambiguity of the concepts of peace and violence. These include conflict and conflict resolution, alternative security, development and social justice, and world order. Furthermore, with the accelerating deterioration of the global environment since the 1980s, environmental issues have also become a major issue in peace research.

Thus, peace studies is a practical and policy-oriented applied science that has peace as its goal and value. Its research methods are highly interdisciplinary, and cooperation between different academic fields, not only social sciences but also natural sciences, is essential. Peace studies has developed dramatically in terms of content and geographical expansion in the nearly half a century since its inception, and its institutionalization is steadily progressing. However, in order for its results to contribute to peacebuilding, it is necessary to emphasize its connection with peace education and the peace movement. In 1965, the International Peace Research Association (IPRA) was established as a forum for international academic exchange, and in Japan, the Peace Studies Association of Japan (PSAJ) was established in 1973 (Showa 48). It currently has one of the largest memberships in the world and publishes the journal "Peace Studies."

[Usui Hisakazu]

"Military Economy and Peace Research" by Kawada Kan (1969, University of Tokyo Press)""International Politics 54: Peace Research" edited by the Japan Association of International Relations (1976, Yuhikaku) ▽ "Peace Studies - Theory and Issues" edited by the Japan Association of Peace Studies (1982, Waseda University Press)"Revised Lectures on Peace Studies" edited by Yamada Hiroshi (1985, Keiso Shobo)"Structural Violence and Peace" by Galtung, translated by Takayanagi et al. (1991, Chuo University Press)""International Peace Research Institute, Oslo, Journal of Peace Research (Sae Pub.)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

紛争(戦争)の原因と平和の条件を科学的に究明し、人類社会の変容過程を創造的にデザインする学問であり、平和学peace science, peace studiesともよばれる。

 平和研究は、核の出現と冷戦の高進によって人類が生か死かという人類絶滅の危機に直面した1950年代後半、「人類生存の科学」として欧米で誕生した。それは当初「消極的平和」negative peaceつまり戦争(直接的ないし行動的暴力)の回避・不在の研究を主にしていた。しかし60年代に入り、南北問題の登場とともに平和研究もその対象領域を拡大し、ガルトゥングJ. Galtungの提起した構造的暴力structural violenceの問題を包摂することになった。社会構造そのもののなかにビルト・インされた貧困、飢餓、政治的抑圧、疎外などの研究を指向し、人権や正義の達成された人類社会の統合と調和を目ざす「人間性実現の科学」を目標とするようになった。ひとことでいえば「積極的平和」positive peaceの研究である。とはいえ、70年代における米ソの限定核戦争構想の展開は、平和研究の焦点をふたたび戦争の問題に回帰させた。なお、冷戦後の第三世界の軍事化の進行や世界各地の民族・地域紛争の頻発は、平和研究における戦争(紛争)研究の重要性を示すものである。平和や暴力の概念の多義性のゆえに、平和研究の課題は多様である。紛争と紛争の解決、代替安全保障alternative security、発展と社会正義、世界秩序、などがそれである。なお、80年代に入って地球環境悪化の加速に伴い、環境問題も平和研究の大きな課題になっている。

 このように平和研究は、平和を目標価値とする実践的、政策学的な応用科学である。その研究方法はきわめて学際的であり、単に社会科学のみならず自然科学に属する異学問間の協力が不可欠である。また平和研究は、その誕生以来半世紀近くを経て内容的にも地理的拡大という点においても飛躍的に発展し、その制度化も着実に進んでいるが、その成果が平和の構築に寄与しうるためには、平和教育や平和運動との関連性が重視されねばならない。1965年には国際的学術交流の場として国際平和研究学会(IPRA)が設立され、日本では73年(昭和48)に日本平和学会(PSAJ)が発足し、現在世界屈指の会員数を擁し、機関誌『平和研究』を刊行している。

[臼井久和]

『川田侃著『軍事経済と平和研究』(1969・東京大学出版会)』『日本国際政治学会編『国際政治54 平和研究』(1976・有斐閣)』『日本平和学会編『平和学――理論と課題』(1982・早稲田大学出版部)』『山田浩編『新訂平和学講義』(1985・勁草書房)』『ガルトゥング著、高柳他訳『構造的暴力と平和』(1991・中央大学出版部)』『International Peace Research Institute, Oslo, Journal of Peace Research(Sae Pub.)』

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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