Cleveland (Stephen) Grover

Japanese: クリーブランド（英語表記）Cleveland, (Stephen) Grover

Born March 18, 1837 in Caldwell, New Jersey.
Died June 24, 1908. Princeton, New Jersey. American politician. 22nd and 24th president (in office 1885-89, 1893-97). A Democrat, he became mayor of Buffalo in 1881 and governor of New York in 1883. He was supported by the Republican Party, which had held power for 23 years since the Civil War, and was supported by the reform faction of the Republican Party, and won the election in 1884. Although he was known as a reformer during his time as governor of New York, he had conservative economic ideas and maintained the "money politics" that had existed since the Reconstruction period, due to the collusion between businessmen and the conservative factions of the two major parties. He attempted to regulate railroad fares with the "Interstate Commerce Act" of 1887, but failed to reduce protective tariffs, and lost the election in 1888 to Republican B. Harrison. During this "age of money politics," farmers organized their discontent and launched the Populist Party movement, and ran their own candidate in the presidential election of 1892, but Cleveland barely won. When the American economy was hit by the Panic of 1893 and faced with a difficult situation, he implemented policies such as the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, but the economy did not recover. On the other hand, he severely suppressed strikes and anti-government protests, especially the Pullman Strike led by Eugene Debs, which he sent federal troops to put down, which angered workers and brought public criticism against Cleveland and the Democratic administration. At the Democratic Convention in 1896, he was re-nominated as the presidential candidate, but his nomination was rejected by opponents within the Democratic Party, and he retired the following year.

Cleveland
Cleveland

A city in northeastern Ohio, the United States, and the largest commercial and industrial city in the state. It is located at the mouth of the Cuyoga River and overlooks the St. Lawrence Seaway. It is located on the south shore of Lake Erie and is an important location for land and water transportation. It once flourished as a trading place between Indians and the French. With the completion of the Erie Canal connecting Lake Erie and the Atlantic Ocean in 1825, the completion of the Ohio-Erie Canal in 1830, and the opening of the railroad, it developed as a transshipment port for lumber, copper, iron ore, coal, and agricultural products. The Civil War was the catalyst for the city's development, and J. Rockefeller established the Standard Oil Company here. Today, heavy industry is thriving, producing steel, aluminum, machinery, automobiles, aircraft parts, and electrical appliances. There is an international airport, Cleveland State University (predecessor to Fenn College, founded in 1923), the Cleveland Orchestra, the Cleveland Museum of Art, and one of the largest public libraries in the country. Population: 396,815 (2010).

Cleveland
Cleveland

A city in southeastern Tennessee, USA, northeast of Chattanooga. Founded in 1832 after the departure of the Cherokee Indians. During the Civil War, Generals Grant and Sherman of the Union Army used it as their headquarters. The city's current economy is supported by agricultural products such as vegetables, cotton, and wheat, as well as industries such as gas and electric ranges, furniture, textiles, clothing, and chemicals. It is located near the Cherokee National Forest and has many recreational areas. It is also home to Lee University (established in 1918). Population 30,354 (1990).

Cleveland
Cleveland

The former county name of the northeast region of England, United Kingdom. It was created in 1974 by a reorganisation of local governments, combining parts of the former counties of Durham and Yorkshire. In 1996 it was abolished and divided into four unitary authorities: Stockton-on-Tees, Hartlepool, Middlesbrough and Redcar/Cleveland.

Cleveland
Cleaveland, Moses

Born January 29, 1754 in Canterbury, Connecticut.
[Died] September 16, 1806.
He was an American lawyer who served in the American Revolutionary Army and later served as director of the Connecticut Land Company, where he bought land for the company and helped develop the western west. In 1796, he founded the settlement that would become the city of Cleveland, Ohio.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1837.3.18. ニュージャージー，コールドウェル
[没]1908.6.24. ニュージャージー，プリンストン
アメリカの政治家。第 22，24代大統領 (在任 1885～89，93～97) 。民主党に属し 81年バッファロー市長，83年ニューヨーク州知事に就任。南北戦争以来 23年間政権の座を維持してきた共和党の抗争に助けられ，共和党改革派からも支持されて 84年の選挙に当選。ニューヨーク州知事時代は改革派として知られたが，経済思想は保守的で，再建期から続いた実業家と二大政党の保守派との癒着による「金権政治」を存続させた。 87年の「州際通商法」で鉄道運賃の規制をはかったが，保護関税の低下には失敗し，88年の選挙では共和党の B.ハリソンに敗れた。この「金権政治の時代」に農民たちは，不満を組織化し人民党運動を展開，92年の大統領選挙に独自の候補を立てて争ったが，クリーブランドはかろうじて当選した。 93年恐慌がアメリカ経済を襲い難局に直面したとき，彼はシャーマン銀購買法の廃止その他の政策を打出したが経済の回復は進まなかった。一方ストライキや反政府抗議デモをきびしく弾圧し，特にユージン・デブズの指導するプルマン・ストライキに対しては，連邦軍を送って鎮圧するなどして，労働者の反感を買い，クリーブランドと民主党政権は世論の非難を浴びた。 96年の民主党大会では，大統領候補の再指名を受けたが，民主党内の反対派により，指名決議を拒否され，翌年引退。

クリーブランド
Cleveland

アメリカ合衆国，オハイオ州北東部の都市で，州最大の商工業都市。カイホーガ川の河口で，セントローレンス水路にのぞむ。エリー湖の南岸に位置し，水陸交通の要地でもある。かつてはインディアンとフランス人の交易の場所として栄えた。 1825年のエリー湖と大西洋を結ぶエリー運河の完成，30年のオハイオ＝エリー運河の完成，さらに鉄道開通とともに木材，銅，鉄鉱石，石炭，農産物の積替え港として発展。南北戦争は市の発展のきっかけとなり，J.ロックフェラーがここにスタンダード石油会社を設立した。現在では重工業が盛んで，鉄鋼，アルミニウム，機械，自動車，航空機部品，電気器具などを生産。国際空港，クリーブランド州立大学 (前身は 1923創立のフェン・カッレジ) ，クリーブランド管弦楽団，クリーブランド美術館および全国有数の規模を誇る公立図書館などがある。人口 39万6815（2010）。

クリーブランド
Cleveland

アメリカ合衆国，テネシー州南東部，チャタヌーガの北東にある都市。 1832年インディアンのチェロキー族が退去したあとに創設。南北戦争のときに北軍のグラント将軍やシャーマン将軍がここを本営とした。現在市の経済を支えているのは，野菜，綿花，コムギなどの農産物と，ガスおよび電気レンジ，家具，繊維，衣料，化学などの工業である。チェロキー国有林をひかえ，行楽地も多い。リー大学 (1918創立) がある。人口3万 354 (1990) 。