Conflict - Funso (English spelling) conflict

Japanese: 紛争 - ふんそう(英語表記)conflict
Conflict - Funso (English spelling) conflict

Conflict refers to a dispute, and is found in a wide range of human society, from quarrels between parents and children or spouses in the home, to disputes between workers and managers in a company, and even wars between nations. To simplify this theoretically, human actions can be generally divided into non-conflict and conflict. Conflict actions arise when two people or human groups attempt to carry out incompatible actions. In other words, they arise in a relationship in which the gain of one person results in the loss of the other. In reality, however, there are usually many people or human groups involved, and the quantity and nature of the benefits sought are usually complex.

The largest type of conflict is international conflict, and much research has been done on the nature of international conflict and its resolution. For example, the formulation of types of conflict situations into battle, game, and argument is well known. In battle, the enemy must be eliminated, subjugated, or reduced, and conflicts based on religious or ideological principles belong to this category. A game situation is a conflict in which opposing parties cooperate with each other within the rules of the game. An argumentative situation is a situation in which one party tries to persuade the other party to agree. In reality, conflicts are much more complex and there are many different theories of conflict theory, but cooperation between various academic fields and schools is needed to resolve conflicts.

[Takashi Saito]

[Reference] | International Conflicts

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

紛争とはもめ事をさし、家庭内の親子・夫婦喧嘩(げんか)から企業内の労働者と経営者間の争議、さらに国家間の戦争に至るまで、人間社会の広い範囲にわたってみられるものである。これを理論的に単純化していえば、およそ人間の行為には非紛争的なものと紛争的なものとがある。紛争行為とは、二つの人間あるいは人間集団が相いれない行為を遂行しようとすることから生まれる。すなわち、一方の利益が他方の損失となるような関係において生まれる。しかし、実際にはこの人間または人間集団の数が多かったり、求める利益の数量や性質が複雑であったりするのが普通である。

 紛争のうち最大のものは国際紛争であり、国際紛争の性質やその解決について多くの研究がなされている。たとえば、紛争状況の種類に関する戦闘・ゲーム・論争という定式化などが有名である。すなわち、戦闘においては、敵は除去されるか服従させられるかあるいは縮小されるべきもので、宗教的・イデオロギー的な原則による紛争はこれに属する。ゲーム状況はゲームのルール内では、対立する者同士が協力しあうような紛争である。論争的状況とは、説得によって相手の合意を得ようとするような状況である。現実には紛争ははるかに複雑であり、紛争理論の学説も多様であるが、紛争解決のために学問の諸分野・諸流派の協力が望まれている。

[斉藤 孝]

[参照項目] | 国際紛争

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