This refers to fine solid particles suspended in the air. In contrast, solid particles that are produced by condensation from a gaseous state are called fumes. Fumes are often formed when gaseous components evaporate from molten metal, oxidize in the air, and condense into solid particles. Mist is dispersed droplets produced by liquid condensation, and is often produced through spraying or droplet formation. Smoke is generally considered to be fine carbonized particles produced by combustion, and is visible. Fine particles suspended in the air are collectively called aerosols. Dust enters the respiratory tract with inhaled air, but depending on its particle size and shape, it may stay there or reach the alveoli. Generally, dust particles over 20 micrometers stay in the upper respiratory tract, but those with a particle size smaller than this reach the alveoli through the small bronchi. Dust particles with a particle size of around 1 micrometer are considered harmful when they reach the alveoli. If dust particles do not reach the alveoli and are deposited on the inner walls of the bronchi along the way, they are carried back to the entrance of the trachea by the action of the cilia of the bronchial ciliated epithelium, and are swallowed or coughed up. The property that determines the harmfulness of dust is its solubility. Highly soluble substances will irritate the area where they are deposited, or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the alveolar epithelium, depending on their chemical properties. [Sadayoshi Shigeta] Health hazards caused by dustPneumoconiosis is the most typical dust-induced disease. Dust that settles in the alveoli irritates lung tissue, causing tissue fibrosis due to the generation and accumulation of fibrotic cells. This lung fibrosis occurs when dust enters the alveoli and the phagocytes are unable to process it, resulting in the dust being surrounded. Pulmonary fibrosis progresses from the lung parenchyma, such as the alveoli, to the pulmonary interstitium, where blood vessels pass, causing nodular and diffuse changes. Pulmonary fibrosis reduces the elasticity of the lung tissue, reducing the lung's ventilation ability and impeding the intake of oxygen into the bloodstream. Specific symptoms include dyspnea, palpitations, coughing, and phlegm. Among pneumoconiosis, silicosis is the most common, but there are also aluminum lungs and iron lungs. In recent years, attention has been focused on occupational diseases and health hazards to nearby residents caused by asbestos dust. Asbestos is widely used as an insulating material in buildings such as school buildings, houses, factories, and buildings, as well as in automobiles. Inhaling asbestos fibers dispersed during demolition and renovation of these buildings can lead to diseases such as asbestosis, mesothelioma, and lung cancer. Asbestosis is caused by diffuse fibrous proliferation in the lungs when asbestos dust is inhaled for several years or more, resulting in shortness of breath, coughing, and respiratory failure. Mesothelioma is a malignant tumor that develops in the pleura, peritoneum, and pericardium, and develops 20 to 40 years after exposure to asbestos dust and progresses to a chronic state. Lung cancer often develops in conjunction with asbestosis. According to the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare's "Occupational Disease Occurrence Status," the number of occupational diseases in 2006 (Heisei 18) was 8,369, of which pneumoconiosis and pneumoconiosis complications accounted for 9.1% of the total. Looking at pneumoconiosis and pneumoconiosis complications by industry, the construction industry is noticeably more prevalent, followed by mining and ceramic and stone product manufacturing. Pneumoconiosis usually develops several years or even a dozen years after working in dusty conditions, but there are many cases where treatment is ineffective and the patient ends up dying from pulmonary tuberculosis, bronchiectasis, emphysema, etc. Therefore, prevention is the most important measure. The Pneumoconiosis Law, which was enacted in 1960 to prevent pneumoconiosis, requires employers to conduct health checkups, use protective equipment, and prevent the dispersion of dust. In addition, workers who retire after many years of working in dusty conditions are issued a health management booklet, and are given the opportunity to receive health checkups even after leaving the company. Other dust-related diseases include pollen-related allergies such as hay fever (hay fever), acute pneumonia, acute bronchitis, and chronic fibrous interstitial pneumonia caused by beryllium, as well as toxic diseases such as lead poisoning caused by inhaling lead particles. [Sadayoshi Shigeta] "Technologies for preventing air pollution caused by dust," compiled and translated by the Overseas Technical Data Institute Expert Committee (1970, Overseas Technical Data Institute)" ▽ "Kimura Kikuji, "Dust Measurement Methods - For Work Environment Management" (1979, Institute for Science of Labor)" ▽ "Miura Toyohiko, "History of Labor and Health 7: History of Classical Metal Poisoning and the Health Effects of Dust" (1992, Institute for Science of Labor Publishing Division)" ▽ "Annual editions of "Trends in National Health," compiled and published by the Health and Welfare Statistics Association" [Reference items] | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
大気中に浮遊している微細な固形粒子をいう。これに対して、ガス状態から凝縮によって生じた固形微粒子をフュームfumeとよぶ。フュームでは、溶融した金属からの蒸発によって気体となった成分が、空中で酸化したうえで凝縮して固形微粒子となったものが多い。また、ミストmistとよばれるものは、液状凝縮によって生じた分散液滴で、噴霧や飛沫(ひまつ)化を通じて生成されることが多い。煙smokeは燃焼によって生じた微粒子状の炭化物で、可視的性質をもつというのが一般的見解である。なお、大気中に浮遊する微粒子を総称してエーロゾル(煙霧質。エアロゾルともいう)という。 粉塵は、吸気とともに気道に入るが、その粒径や形状によって途中でとどまったり、肺胞にまで達したりする。一般に20マイクロメートル以上のものは上気道にとどまるが、これより微細な粒径のものは小気管支から肺胞に達する。とくに1マイクロメートル前後のものは肺胞に達して有害性を現すとされる。粉塵が肺胞に達せず、途中の気管支内壁に沈着した場合には、気管支線(繊)毛上皮の線毛の働きによって気管の入口まで運び戻され、嚥下(えんげ)または喀出(かくしゅつ)される。粉塵の有害性を左右する性質としてあげられるのは溶解性である。溶解性の高い物質であれば、その化学的性質にしたがって沈着局所に対する刺激、あるいは肺胞上皮から血流内への吸収がおこる。 [重田定義] 粉塵による健康障害塵肺症(塵肺)pneumoconiosisは粉塵によるもっとも代表的な疾患である。肺胞に沈着した粉塵は、肺組織に刺激を与え、線維細胞の新生と集結による組織の線維化をおこす。この肺の線維化は、粉塵が肺胞内に入ったときに食細胞がそれを処理できなかった場合に、粉塵を包囲する形でおこる。肺の線維化は肺胞などの肺実質から血管などが通っている肺間質へと進行し、結節性の変化やびまん性の変化をおこす。肺の線維化は肺の組織の弾力性を低下させるため、肺の換気能力が低くなり、酸素の血流内への取り入れにも障害が生ずる。具体的には呼吸困難、心悸亢進(しんきこうしん)、咳(せき)、痰(たん)などの症状が発現する。塵肺のなかでは珪肺(けいはい)がもっとも多くみられるが、そのほかにアルミニウム肺、鉄肺などがある。なお、近年石綿粉塵による職業病や、近隣住民への健康被害が注目されるようになった。石綿は断熱材として校舎、住宅、工場、ビルなどの建築物や自動車に広く使用され、これらの解体作業や改修作業に伴って飛散した石綿繊維を吸入することによって、石綿肺、中皮腫、肺癌(がん)などの疾患が生じる。石綿肺は、数年以上にわたって石綿粉塵を吸入した場合、肺にびまん性の繊維増殖をおこすもので、息切れ、咳(せき)、呼吸不全をおこす。中皮腫は、胸膜、腹膜、心膜などに生じる悪性腫瘍で、石綿粉塵暴露後20~40年経過してから発症して慢性に経緯する。肺癌は、石綿肺に合併して発症することが多い。厚生労働省の「業務上疾病発生状況」によれば、2006年度(平成18)の業務上疾病の発生件数は8369件であり、このうち、塵肺症および塵肺合併症は、全体の9.1%を占めている。塵肺症および塵肺合併症を産業別でみると建設業が目だって多く、ついで鉱業、窯業・土石製品製造業となっている。 塵肺は、通常、粉塵作業に従事してから数年ないし十数年経過してから発症するが、治療効果があがらず、肺結核や気管支拡張症、肺気腫(はいきしゅ)などをおこして死亡する例も多い。したがって、予防がもっとも重要な対策となる。塵肺の予防を目的とした「じん肺法」は1960年(昭和35)に制定されたもので、健康診断、保護具使用、粉塵の発散防止などを使用者に義務づけている。また、粉塵作業に長年従事し退職した者については健康管理手帳が交付され、離職後も健康診断が受けられるように配慮されている。 このほか、粉塵による疾患としては、花粉によって生ずる花粉症(枯草(こそう)熱)などのアレルギー症、ベリリウムによる急性肺炎、急性気管支炎、慢性線維性間質肺炎のほか、鉛粒子の吸入による鉛中毒などの中毒性疾患があげられる。 [重田定義] 『海外技術資料研究所専門委員会編訳『粉塵による大気汚染防止技術』(1970・海外技術資料研究所)』▽『木村菊二著『粉塵測定法――作業環境管理のために』(1979・労働科学研究所)』▽『三浦豊彦著『労働と健康の歴史7 古典的金属中毒と粉塵の健康影響の歴史』(1992・労働科学研究所出版部)』▽『財団法人厚生統計協会編・刊『国民衛生の動向』各年版』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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