Fernand Braudel

Japanese: ブローデル - ぶろーでる(英語表記)Fernand Braudel
Fernand Braudel

French historian. Born in the small village of Lubéville-en-Aulnoy in the Meuse department between Champagne and Valois in eastern France. He studied at the Sorbonne and was taught by such historians as Henri Hauser (1866-1948), an economic historian.

After graduating, he worked as a teacher at a lycée in Algeria (1923-1932). In 1925 and 1926, he travelled extensively in the Rhineland during his military service, which gave him the opportunity to learn more about Germany. He then taught at a lycée in Paris (1932-1935) and at the University of São Paulo in Brazil (1935-1937). It was during this time that he began to be friends with Lucien Febvre, who co-founded the journal Annales with Marc Bloch. In 1937, he was posted to the 4th section of the Ecole des Hautes Etudes in Paris, but in 1939, when World War II broke out, he was mobilized to the Rhine front, and from 1940 until the end of the war, he was taken prisoner of war, spending his time in a concentration camp in Mainz and then in Lübeck. The study notes he continued to write during his incarceration in the concentration camp were sent to Febvre, and from these drafts he eventually produced his magnum opus, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World under Philip II (published in 1949). This was the 1,175-page work that Braudel, 47, applied for his doctorate in literature at the Faculty of Letters of the University of Paris. Seventeen years later, in 1966, a revised two-volume edition of The Mediterranean was published, incorporating a wealth of charts, maps, graphs, and illustrations.

After the Second World War, he worked on the editing of Annales magazine, and served as head of the 6th section of the Ecole des Hautes Etudes and professor at the Collège de France (1949-1972). After Febvre's death in 1956, he took over as editor of Annales. During this time, he produced many achievements, including his second major work, Material Civilization, Economy, and Capitalism, and also trained his successors. In 1969, he handed over the editing of Annales to Jacques Le Goff (1924-2014), Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie (1929- ), and Marc Ferro (1924-2021). He died on November 27, 1985, in Savoy, near Paris, halfway through writing his last major work, The History of France.

One of Braudel's contributions to history is the discovery of the multi-layered nature of historical time. Historical time is not a single flow, but is layered. On the surface, there is the history of individuals and events that passes in the blink of an eye, then there is the slow rhythm of social history (phases, demographics, nations, wars), and finally, in the depths, there is the unchanging or almost unchanging immovable history (nature, environment, long-term continuity, structure). Braudel was interested in the deeper historical strata that lie behind this history of events. Braudel's historical thinking, which emphasizes structure over events, became a common denominator for subsequent Annales historians, although they were from different generations. His subjects were things that do not arise and disappear in the short term, but continue over the long term, such as the geographical and natural environment as the important protagonists of history, quantitative history such as demographics and value changes, the history of mentality (mentalités) that seeks to grasp the depths of the human heart, and material civilization that supports daily life such as food, clothing, and shelter.

[Yoneda Kiyohiro]

"Material Civilization, Economy, and Capitalism: The 15th to 18th Centuries, Structure of Everyday Life 1 and 2" translated by Murakami Mitsuhiko (1985, Misuzu Shobo)""Venice: A Historical Journey, written by F. Braudel and translated by Iwasaki Chikara (1986, Iwanami Shoten)""Material Civilization, Economy, and Capitalism: The 15th to 18th Centuries, Functions of Exchange 1 and 2" translated by Yamamoto Junichi (1986, 1988, Misuzu Shobo)""Braudel and the World of Braudel: For the Study of the Annales School History" written by F. Braudel, J.H. Hexter, and H.R. Trevor-Roper, translated by Akai Akira, Takahashi Masao, and Furukawa Kenji (1988, Tosui Shobo)" ▽ "The Mediterranean 1-5" translated by Hamana Yumi (1991-1995, Fujiwara Shoten)""Introduction to History" by F. Braudel, translated by Sadafumi Kanazuka (1995, Ohta Publishing)""The Grammar of Civilization: Lectures on World History 1 and 2" by F. Braudel, translated by Masahiro Matsumoto (1995, 1996, Misuzu Shobo)""Material Civilization, Economy, and Capitalism: The 15th to 18th Centuries, World Time 1 and 2" translated by Junichi Yamamoto (1996, Misuzu Shobo)

[References] | Annal School | Fabre | Brock

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

フランスの歴史家。フランス東部のシャンパーニュとバロアの間にあるムーズ県の寒村リュベビル・アン・オルノワに生まれた。ソルボンヌに学び、歴史家であり経済史家であるアンリ・オゼールHenri Hauser(1866―1948)などの講義を受けた。

 卒業後、アルジェリアでリセの教師として勤務(1923~1932)。1925年と1926年には兵役でラインラントを広く旅し、ドイツを深く知る機会を得た。その後パリのリセ(1932~1935)、ブラジルのサン・パウロ大学(1935~1937)で教える。このころ、マルク・ブロックとともに『アナール』誌を創刊したリュシアン・フェーブルとの親交が始まる。1937年、パリの高等研究院の第4セクションにポストを得るが、1939年、第二次世界大戦が勃発(ぼっぱつ)してライン戦線に動員され、1940年から終戦まで捕虜となり、マインツ、ついでリューベックの収容所で過ごした。収容所に監禁されている間に書き続けられた学習用ノートはフェーブルのもとへ送られ、これらの草稿から、やがて大作『フェリペ2世時代の地中海と地中海世界』が結実する(1949年刊)。これは47歳のブローデルがパリ大学文学部に文学博士の学位を請求するための1175ページにもなる労作であった。17年後の1966年には、豊富な図表、地図、グラフさらに挿図などが組み込まれ、2巻本の改訂版『地中海』が出版された。

 第二次世界大戦後は『アナール』誌の編集に携わりながら、高等研究院の第6セクションの責任者、コレージュ・ド・フランスの教授(1949~1972)などを務め、1956年のフェーブルの死後は『アナール』の編集長を引き継いだ。この間、2冊目の大作『物質文明・経済・資本主義』をはじめ数多くの業績を残し、また後継者を育てた。1969年には『アナール』の編集をジャック・ル・ゴフJacques Le Goff(1924―2014)、エマニュエル・ル・ロワ・ラデュリEmmanuel Le Roy Ladurie(1929― )、マルク・フェローMarc Ferro(1924―2021)らに譲った。1985年11月27日、最後の大作『フランスの歴史』の執筆なかばにしてパリ近郊のサボワにて死去。

 歴史学におけるブローデルの貢献の一つは、歴史的時間の重層性の発見である。歴史の時間は、ただ一本の流れからなるのではなく、幾層にも重なり合っている。表層にはまたたくまに過ぎ去ってしまう歴史、個人とできごとの歴史があり、次にゆっくりとリズムをきざむ社会の歴史(局面、人口動態、国家、戦争)があり、最後に深層において不変の、あるいはほとんど不変の動かざる歴史(自然、環境、長期的持続、構造)がある。ブローデルはこの事件史の背後に横たわるより深い歴史の地層に関心を寄せた。事件よりも構造を重視するブローデルの歴史的思考は、世代の違いこそあれ、その後のアナール学派の歴史家たちの共通分母となった。歴史の重要な主人公としての地理的・自然的環境、人口動態や価値の変動などの数量史、人間のこころの深層をとらえようとする心性(マンタリテmentalités)の歴史、そして衣食住といった日常生活を支える物質文明など、すべて短期的に生成消滅するものでなく、長期的に持続するものを対象としている。

[米田潔弘]

『村上光彦訳『物質文明・経済・資本主義 15―18世紀 日常性の構造1・2』(1985・みすず書房)』『F・ブローデル著、岩崎力訳『都市ヴェネツィア 歴史紀行』(1986・岩波書店)』『山本淳一訳『物質文明・経済・資本主義 15―18世紀 交換のはたらき1・2』(1986、1988・みすず書房)』『F・ブローデル、J・H・ヘクスター、H・R・トレヴァーローパー著、赤井彰・高橋正男・古川堅治訳『ブローデルとブローデルの世界――「アナール派」史学研究のために』(1988・刀水書房)』『浜名優美訳『地中海 1~5』(1991~1995・藤原書店)』『F・ブローデル著、金塚貞文訳『歴史入門』(1995・太田出版)』『F・ブローデル著、松本雅弘訳『文明の文法 世界史講義1・2』(1995、1996・みすず書房)』『山本淳一訳『物質文明・経済・資本主義 15―18世紀 世界時間1・2』(1996・みすず書房)』

[参照項目] | アナール学派 | フェーブル | ブロック

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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