The name of the vast grassland that spreads around the Mississippi River from the central United States to parts of Canada, and the area in which it is distributed. It consists of gently undulating land with dendritic valleys carved into it, and borders the forest belt on the east and the Great Plains on the west. Annual precipitation is low, around 400 mm in the north and 800-1000 mm in the south, but it is concentrated in the spring and summer, which is favorable for plant growth. A typical prairie is made up of grasses that can reach up to 2 meters in height, and is devoid of trees except along rivers. Until the mid-19th century, large herds of bison lived on the prairies, and Native Americans made a living by hunting them. However, from the second half of the 19th century onwards, as the United States developed economically and railroad networks were constructed, the prairies were rapidly converted into farmland, partly due to the extremely fertile soil, and today they are the largest agricultural region in the United States. The main crops are spring wheat in the north, winter wheat and corn in the centre, and cotton in the south. Large quantities of grains from here are exported to Japan as food and livestock feed. However, since the 1930s, soil erosion has become severe due to extensive management, and farmers are struggling to find a solution. [Takehide Koizumi] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
アメリカ合衆国の中部からカナダの一部にかけて、ミシシッピ川を中心に広がる広大な草原とその分布地域の名称。緩やかに起伏する波状地と、それを刻む樹枝状の谷からなり、東側は森林帯に、西側はグレート・プレーンズに接する。年降水量は北部で400ミリメートル前後、南部で800~1000ミリメートルと少ないが、春・夏に集中するため植物の生育には有利である。 典型的なプレーリーは高さ2メートルにも達するイネ科の草本からなり、川沿い以外では樹木を欠いている。プレーリーには19世紀なかばまでバイソンの大群がすみ、インディアンがそれを狩って生活していた。しかし19世紀後半以降、アメリカ合衆国が経済的に発展し、鉄道網が建設されると、土壌がきわめて肥沃(ひよく)であったことも相まって、急速に農耕地化され、今日ではアメリカ合衆国一の農業地帯となった。おもな作物は北部が春小麦、中央部が冬小麦とトウモロコシ、南部が綿花である。ここの穀物はわが国へも食糧や家畜の飼料として大量に輸出されている。ただ1930年代以降、粗放な経営がたたって土壌侵食が激しくなり、農民は対策に苦慮している。 [小泉武栄] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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