Bert(olt) Brecht

Japanese: ブレヒト - ぶれひと(英語表記)Bert(olt) Brecht
Bert(olt) Brecht

German playwright and theatre director, born Eugen Berthold Friedrich Brecht.

[Hiroshi Yagi]

Life

Born February 10th, the son of a factory manager in Augsburg. He was a medical student at the University of Munich, but switched to theater work, receiving the Kleist Prize in 1922 for Drums in the Night. In 1924, he moved to Berlin, where he worked under the director Max Reinhardt, and began studying Marx. In 1928, he married actress Helene Weigel, and achieved great success with the premiere of The Threepenny Opera in the same year. From 1930, he published a series of works under the title Attempt, and collaborated with musician Hanns Eisler to create the film Kühle Wampe. In 1933, he fled to Denmark after living in Austria, Switzerland, and other places. In 1935, he attended the International Congress of Writers in Paris to promote anti-Nazi activities, and from 1936, he published the journal of German exiled writers in Moscow, The Word, in collaboration with Feuchtwanger and Billy Bredel. He fled to the United States in 1941, but after World War II, he was questioned by the Un-American Activities Commission in 1947, and barely managed to escape to Europe. After a stint in Switzerland, he returned to East Germany in 1948, and in 1949 founded the Berliner Ensemble with his wife Helene Weigel in Berlin, the capital of the GDR. In 1952, he was awarded the People's Prize for his complete works, and in 1954, the Lenin Peace Prize. He died in Berlin on August 14, 1956, leaving behind a prolific body of work.

[Hiroshi Yagi]

the work

Brecht approached Expressionism from a young age, but at the same time went beyond it, writing aggressive and cynical poetry that did not compromise with ideas, ideals, or morality. At the same time, he composed, performed, and sang his own music. Early theatrical works that used songs as the core include Baal (1923) and Drums in the Night. The Urban Jungle (1923) and Men Are Men (1927) deal with big cities and war, revealing their essence. However, the two works that are crucially important are The Rise and Fall of the City of Mahogany (1929, premiered in 1930) and The Threepenny Opera. Both are musical dramas that were successful thanks to the composition of Kurt Weill, but they are also extremely significant as the starting point of Brecht's epic drama. Brecht's attempt to contrast the "dramatic form of theater" that is centered on empathy with the "epic form of theater" can be seen from the "notes" attached to these works. After that, alongside his creative work, he also became active in speaking out about theatrical theory, including Theater for Entertainment or Education (1935), On Experimental Theater (1939), The Brass Buyer (1937-51), which contained many of his wartime manuscripts such as Street Scenes, and the comprehensive postwar theoretical works Small Principles of Thinking for Drama (1949) and Dialectics in the Theatre (1953 and after). To his non-Aristotelian theory of epic drama, Brecht added the theory of the "alienation effect," in which the audience views the environment critically and strives to change it.

In his middle period, Brecht produced so-called educational plays, including "Exceptions and Principles" (1930), "Yes Man and No Man" (1932), and "The Treatment" (1932), which went beyond revolutionary movements and envisioned a new theater in a transformed future. In this theater, everyone would learn as they acted. Eventually, in the midst of a harsh world situation in which history was running backwards, he completed "Mother" (1931). In the fight against fascism, he produced "Pointy Head and Round Head" (1933, premiered in 1936), "The Lady of Carrer's Gun" (1937), and "Terror and Poverty in the Third Reich" (1937, premiered in 1938), which were sometimes written in a fable-like style, sometimes in an Aristotelian style, or sometimes in a montage style, depending on the situation and purpose. As his life in exile continued, his works showed a deeper inner unity, and the two axes of parabellum (fable) and historical drama became more prominent. These include Mother Courage and Her Children (1939, premiered in 1941), The Good Man of Sechuan (1940, premiered in 1943), Husband Puntila and his Servant Matti (1941), The Rise of Arturo Ui, Who Can Be Stopped (1941), and The Life of Galileo (1943). During his exile in the United States, he wrote Švejk during the Second World War (1943) and The Chalk Circle of the Caucasus (1945, premiered in 1948). He later produced Days of the Commune (1948), Princess Turandot, or the Council of Innocents (1954), a reworking of Antigone (1948), The Governess (1949), and Coriolan (1953), as well as many one-act plays and fragmentary manuscripts.

He was as prolific in poetry as he was in plays, and his early poetry collections such as "Household Sermons" (1926) and "Swenborg's Poems" (1939), which he wrote during his exile, were major pillars of his life. Many unique short prose works, such as "The Tale of Mr. Keuner" (1930-50), "Mé Tí" (1966), "Dialogues of Exiles" (1961), and the long novels "Penny Fiction" (1934) and "Caesar's Trade", were also experiments for this epic dramatist.

[Hiroshi Yagi]

"Selected Plays of Brecht, edited by Senda Koreya, 5 volumes (1961-62, Hakusuisha)""Collection of Essays on Theatre by Brecht, translated by Senda Koreya et al., 2 volumes (1973, 1974, Hakusuisha)""The Work of Bertolt Brecht, translated by Nomura Osamu et al., 6 volumes (1972-73, Kawade Shobo Shinsha)""Brecht's Working Diaries, translated by Iwabuchi Tatsuji et al., 4 volumes (1976-77, Kawade Shobo Shinsha)""Brecht: Life and Works, by E. Schumacher, translated by Iwabuchi Tatsuji (1981, Teatro)"

[References] | The Life of Galileo | The Brave Mother and Her Children | The Threepenny Opera | Berliner Ensemble

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ドイツの劇作家、演出家。本名はオイゲン・ベルトルト・フリードリヒ・ブレヒト。

[八木 浩]

生涯

2月10日、アウクスブルクの工場支配人の子として生まれる。ミュンヘン大学の医学生であったが劇場の仕事に転じ、1922年『夜鳴る太鼓』でクライスト賞を受けた。24年ベルリンへ移り、演出家マックス・ラインハルトのもとで活躍、そのころからマルクスを学ぶ。28年には女優ヘレーネ・ワイゲルと結婚、同年初演の『三文オペラ』で大成功を収めた。30年からは『試み』と題して続々作品を出版、音楽家ハンス・アイスラーと協力、映画『クーレ・ワンペ』をつくる。33年、オーストリア、スイスなどを経てデンマークに亡命。35年にはパリの国際作家会議に出席して反ナチスの活動を推進、36年からモスクワでドイツ亡命作家の機関誌『ことば』をフォイヒトワンガーやビリー・ブレーデルと協力して発行。41年アメリカに亡命したが、第二次世界大戦後の47年、非米活動審査委員会の審問を受け、かろうじてヨーロッパへ脱出。スイスを経て48年東ドイツに戻り、翌49年には妻のヘレーネ・ワイゲルとドイツ民主共和国の首都ベルリンで劇団「ベルリーナー・アンサンブル」を設立。52年、ブレヒトの全著作に対して国民賞、54年にはレーニン平和賞が贈られた。56年8月14日、多くの仕事を残してベルリンで死去。

[八木 浩]

作品

ブレヒトは若いときから表現主義に近づき、かつ表現主義を超えた、観念や理想や道徳と妥協しない攻撃的にしてシニカルな詩を書くと同時に、自ら作曲し、演奏して歌った。歌(ソング)を核にした初期の演劇作品に『バール』(1923)や『夜鳴る太鼓』などがある。『都会のジャングル』(1923)、『男は男』(1927)は大都市や戦争を扱ってその本質を提示している。しかし決定的に重要なのは『マハゴニー市の興亡』(1929、初演1930)と『三文オペラ』の2作品である。両者はクルト・ワイルの作曲によって成功を収めた音楽劇であるが、それとともにブレヒトの叙事詩的演劇の出発点としてきわめて意義深い。感情移入に中心を置いた「演劇の戯曲的形式」に「演劇の叙事詩的形式」を対置するブレヒトの試みが、これらの作品に付記された「注」によってうかがうことができる。そののち彼は、創作活動のかたわら演劇理論についても積極的に発言する。『娯楽演劇か教育演劇か』(1935)、『実験的劇場について』(1939)、そのほか『街頭の場面』などの多くの戦中の遺稿を収めた『真鍮(しんちゅう)買い』(1937~51)、戦後のまとまった理論書『演劇のための小思考原理』(1949)、『劇場での弁証法』(1953以降)などがある。ブレヒトは非アリストテレス的な叙事詩的演劇の理論に、観客が批判的にみて環境を変えようと努める「異化効果」の理論を加えた。

 中期のブレヒトには『例外と原則』(1930)、『イエスマンとノーマン』(1932)、『処置』(1932)をはじめとするいわゆる教育劇があり、革命運動を超えて、変革されていく未来における新しい演劇を展望した。そこではすべての人が演じつつ学ぶのである。やがて歴史が逆行する厳しい世界情勢のなかで、『母』(1931)が完成する。ファシズムとの闘いのなかで、『とんがり頭とまる頭』(1933、初演1936)、『カラールのおかみさんの銃』(1937)、『第三帝国の恐怖と貧困』(1937、初演1938)が、状況と目的に応じ、あるときは寓話(ぐうわ)風に、あるときはアリストテレス的手法で、あるいはモンタージュ方式で創作された。亡命生活が長引くにつれて、作品は内面的にも深みのあるまとまりを示し、パラーベル(寓話)と歴史劇の両軸が目だってくる。『肝っ玉おっ母(かあ)とその子供たち』(1939、初演1941)、『セチュアンの善人』(1940、初演1943)、『プンティラ旦那(だんな)と下僕マッティ』(1941)、『抑えれば止まるアルトゥロ・ウイの興隆』(1941)、『ガリレイの生涯』(1943)などがそれである。アメリカ亡命中に『第二次大戦中のシュベイク』(1943)、『コーカサスの白墨の輪』(1945、初演1948)。その後『コミューンの日々』(1948)、『トゥランドット姫あるいは潔白証明者会議』(1954)、改作劇『アンティーゴネ』(1948)、『家庭教師』(1949)、『コリオラン』(1953)のほか、多くの一幕物や断片の遺稿も注目されている。

 劇作に劣らず詩作も多く、初期詩集『家庭用説教集』(1926)、亡命期の『スウェンボルク詩集』(1939)など、彼の生涯の大きな精神的支柱をなしている。多くのユニークな小散文『コイナーさんの話』(1930~50)、『メー・ティ』(1966)、『亡命者の対話』(1961)、長編『三文小説』(1934)、『シーザーの商売』などは、この叙事詩的演劇家にとっての実験でもあった。

[八木 浩]

『千田是也編『ブレヒト戯曲選集』全5巻(1961~62・白水社)』『千田是也他訳編『ブレヒト演劇論集』全2巻(1973、74・白水社)』『野村修他訳『ベルトルト・ブレヒトの仕事』全6巻(1972~73・河出書房新社)』『岩淵達治他訳『ブレヒト作業日誌』全4巻(1976~77・河出書房新社)』『E・シューマッハー著、岩淵達治訳『ブレヒト・生涯と作品』(1981・テアトロ)』

[参照項目] | ガリレイの生涯 | 肝っ玉おっ母とその子供たち | 三文オペラ | ベルリーナー・アンサンブル

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  André Previn

>>:  Prebisch Report

Recommend

metaphysical conceits

…He published works such as “Poems” (1656), “Rece...

Wolsey, Thomas

Born: circa 1473, Ipswich Died: November 29, 1530,...

counter-force strategy

In this strategy, McNamara emphasized a nuclear r...

primary endosperm nucleus

…The ovule of angiosperms undergoes double fertil...

Asbestos - Ishiwata

Also called asbestos. A flexible and strong fibro...

Xing-li-da-quan (English: The Complete Work of Xing-li)

A 70-volume compilation of the Song Dynasty's ...

Kratzenstein, C.

…Based on their principles, voice synthesizers ca...

Freetown - Freetown (English spelling)

The capital of Sierra Leone, West Africa. Populat...

Roman Holiday - Roman Holiday

American film. 1953. Directed by William Wyler. A...

Kabuki theater

A theater where Kabuki is performed. The general t...

Guiteau, CJ (English spelling) GuiteauCJ

…He was elected to the U.S. House of Representati...

Prado, M.

… [Tomoeda Hiroyasu] [Politics] Since gaining ind...

Apopetalae

…It includes about 60 orders, 300 families, 10,00...

Ufuya - Ufuya

...In the second half of the 17th century, the nu...

Horn

A type of brass instrument. Its name means "h...