Hurrians - Hurrians

Japanese: フルリ人 - フルリじん（英語表記）Hurrians

A people who played an important role in the history and culture of the Orient in the 2nd millennium BC. The names of people and places of the Hurrians appear in the historical documents of the 3rd Dynasty of Ur in Mesopotamia. They are thought to have lived on the left bank of the Tigris River and in the Zagros Mountains. However, from the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC, they gradually moved westward, and their migration, which is thought to have been influenced by the southward movement of the Indo-European peoples, was large-scale. They left the area between the Zagros Mountains and Lake Van, and in the 18th century BC, they destroyed the Assyrian empire of Shamshi-Adad I, and built the city of Nuzi (Nuz) east of the Tigris River, which became a major trading center. They also settled in various parts of Syria and the eastern border of Anatolia, and came to be adjacent to the Hittites. At that time, northern Mesopotamia was the area where the Hurrians lived most. In the 15th century BC, under the leadership of Aryan aristocrats, they formed the Mitanni Kingdom, which ruled Syria from the mountainous region of Iran, and made Vashkanni its capital. During the reign of Thutmose III, the Hurrians fought with Egypt for control of Syria, but during the reign of Amenhotep III, they maintained friendly relations and even intermarried with the two royal families. However, in the mid-14th century BC, they were defeated by the Hittite Empire, whose power had grown under Suppiluliumash I, and Mitanni King Mattiwaza became a vassal of the Hittites. Assyria also regained its independence, and they lost political control, but the Hurrians in the Kingdom of Kizzuwatna in Cilicia and in various cities in Syria continued to exert economic and cultural influence, and Hurrian influences remained strong not only in the religion and literature of the Hittite Empire, but also in the royal bloodline. The same was true of the Syrian seaport of Ugarit. With the exception of the Kingdom of Hayasha in the mountains of Armenia, the Hurrians as an ethnic group had disappeared by the end of the 2nd millennium BC. The language of the Hurrians (Hurrian) is now extinct, but some say that the Georgian languages of the Caucasus are descended from it.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

前2千年紀のオリエントの歴史と文化に重要な役割を果たした民族。メソポタミアのウル第3王朝の史料にすでにフルリ人の人名や地名が現れる。チグリス川左岸やザグロス山脈に居住していたと推定される。しかし前2千年紀初頭からしだいに西方に移動し，とりわけインド＝ヨーロッパ語族の南下に影響されたとみられるその移動は大規模で，ザグロス山脈とバン湖の間の地方から出て，前 18世紀にはシャムシ＝アダド1世のアッシリアを滅ぼし，チグリス川の東にヌジ (ヌズ) という都市 (→ヌジ遺跡 ) を建てて通商の一大中心地とした。またシリア各地やアナトリア東辺部にも入植し，ヒッタイト人と隣接するにいたった。当時北メソポタミアがフルリ人の最も多く住んだところであった。前 15世紀アーリア系の貴族のもとイランの山岳地帯からシリアを支配するミタンニ王国を形成，ワシュカンニを首都とした。エジプトとは，トゥトモス3世のときシリアの支配権をめぐって争ったが，アメンホテプ3世時代には友好関係を保ち，両王家の婚姻も行なわれた。しかし前 14世紀中頃シュッピルリウマシュ1世のもとに勢力増大したヒッタイト帝国と戦って敗れ，ミタンニ王マッティワザはヒッタイトに臣従。またアッシリアも再び独立したため，政治的には支配力を失ったが，キリキアのキズワトナ王国やシリアの諸都市のフルリ人は経済的・文化的勢力を持続し，ヒッタイト帝国の宗教，文学ばかりでなく，王家の血統にもフルリ的色彩を色濃く残した。シリアの海港ウガリトでも同様であった。アルメニア山中のハヤシャ王国を除いて，前2千年紀末までに民族的集団としてのフルリ人は消滅した。フルリ人の言語 (→フルリ語 ) は現在では死語となっているが，カフカス (コーカサス) 地方のグルジア系諸語はその系統をひくという説もある。

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