This refers to an electric circuit that cannot be considered to be connected in series or parallel. It is a circuit with important properties that is widely used in measuring the values of circuit elements such as resistance, inductance, and capacitance, as well as frequency, temperature compensation of instruments, and various detection parts of control devices. (1) Wheatstone bridge A bridge with five resistors connected. This is the most basic of all bridge circuits. In this circuit, P , Q , and R are variable resistors, and when these are adjusted to make the reading of the galvanometer connected in place of R zero (at this point the bridge is said to be balanced), the relationship PR = QX holds between the resistances on each side. This relationship is called the balance condition of the bridge, and if the values of P , Q , and R are known, the value of X can be found as X = ( P / Q ) R. Using this principle, the PO box is a device that can precisely measure medium resistances (from about 1 to 106 ohms). (2) Slide Line Bridge A bridge in which the known resistances Q and R of a Wheatstone bridge serve as a common slide line. The principle is the same as that of a Wheatstone bridge. The value of the standard resistance S is changed in steps, and the value of P / Q is changed continuously to balance the bridge. If the bridge is balanced when the contact is positioned a length l from the left end, the value of the unknown resistance X can be found as X = ( L - l ) S / l . If the value of ( L - l )/ l is marked along the slide line, the value of X can be found immediately by multiplying this value at the balanced point by the value of S. The error is smallest when the contact is balanced near the center of the slide line. (3) Kohlrausch bridge: A slide bridge powered by an audio frequency AC (approximately 1 kHz) and with a receiver or magic eye (tuning indicator) as the detector. This is useful when an accurate measurement cannot be made using a DC power source, such as when measuring the resistivity of an electrolyte, the conductivity of the earth, or earth resistance, because of polarization effects that generate back electromotive force on the electrode surface or the formation of layers of bubbles or ions. (4) Double bridge When measuring low resistance (0.1 ohms or less) with a Wheatstone bridge, the effect of contact resistance makes it difficult to get an accurate measurement. The double bridge was invented for this purpose, so named because it forms a bridge with two parts, an upper and lower. By adjusting the resistance of each side while always maintaining the relationship Q / P = q / p , and setting the reading of galvanometer G to zero, the value of unknown resistance X can be obtained as X = ( Q / P ) S . Resistances down to about 10-4 ohms can be measured with high precision. (5) AC bridge: A bridge that accurately measures impedance values and frequency. There are various types depending on the object being measured. With an AC bridge, the detector will not indicate zero unless the two quantities, phase and magnitude, are balanced. Therefore, the operation to balance the bridge is generally more complicated than with a DC bridge. [Toshiharu Takao] Applications of bridge circuitsIn a balanced Wheatstone bridge, even a slight change in the resistance of one side causes the balance to be broken and a current to flow in the center branch. Therefore, by using an element that detects the change in resistance from this current, or converting a change in any physical quantity into a change in resistance, it is possible to know the change in that physical quantity from this current. One example is the hot wire anemometer, which uses a platinum wire with a diameter of about 0.01 to 0.5 mm as the hot wire, attached to one side of a bridge, and heated and equilibrated by passing an electric current through it. If this hot wire is then placed in an air or water current, the heat dissipation effect differs depending on the relative speed, so the temperature of the hot wire changes, which in turn changes the resistance, breaking the equilibrium and causing a current to flow through the detector. If the detector is calibrated beforehand, the relative speed can be determined from this current. Resistance wire strain gauges are similar; a strain gauge is attached to one side of a bridge, and the change in resistance due to strain in the gauge is detected by the bridge in the same way as with a hot wire anemometer, allowing tensile or compressive forces to be measured. [Toshiharu Takao] [Reference item] |©Shogakukan "> Wheatstone Bridge ©Shogakukan "> Slideline Bridge ©Shogakukan "> Double Bridge ©Shogakukan "> AC Bridge Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
電気回路で直列接続や並列接続とみなせない回路をいう。抵抗、インダクタンス、キャパシタンス(静電容量)などの回路素子の値や、周波数の測定、計器の温度補償、制御用機器の各種検出部などに広く利用され、重要な性質をもった回路である。 (1)ホイートストンブリッジWheatstone bridge 5個の抵抗が接続されたブリッジ。ブリッジ回路のうちもっとも基本となるもの。この回路でP、QおよびRを可変抵抗とし、これを調整して、rのかわりに接続した検流計の指示をゼロにすると(このときブリッジは平衡したという)、四辺の各抵抗の間にはPR=QXの関係が成り立つ。この関係をブリッジの平衡条件といい、P、QおよびRの値が既知ならば、X=(P/Q)RとしてXの値を求めることができる。この原理を使って、中位抵抗(1~106オームぐらいまで)を精密に測定する装置がPO箱である。 (2)すべり線ブリッジ ホイートストンブリッジの既知抵抗QとRとを共通のすべり抵抗線としたブリッジ。原理はホイートストンブリッジと同じである。標準抵抗Sの値を階段的に変え、P/Qの値を連続的に変えてブリッジを平衡させる。接触子が左端から長さlの位置でブリッジが平衡したとすると、未知抵抗Xの値はX=(L-l)S/lとして求めることができる。すべり線に沿って(L-l)/lの値が目盛ってあれば、平衡した点のこの値にSの値を乗ずれば、Xの値がただちに求められる。接触子がすべり線の中央付近で平衡するときの誤差がもっとも小さい。 (3)コールラウシュブリッジKohlrausch bridge すべり線ブリッジの電源を可聴周波数の交流(およそ1キロヘルツ)とし、検出器も受話器(レシーバー)やマジックアイ(同調指示管)としたもの。電解液の抵抗率測定や大地の導電率、接地抵抗などのように直流電源で測定すると、電極面に逆起電力を生ずる成極作用が現れたり、気泡やイオンの層を生じたりして、正確な測定ができない場合に威力を発揮する。 (4)ダブルブリッジdouble bridge ホイートストンブリッジで低抵抗(0.1オーム以下)を測定すると、接触抵抗の影響によって正確には測れない。このために考案されたのがダブルブリッジで、上下二つの部分でブリッジを形成しているのでこの名がある。Q/P=q/pの関係をつねに成立させながら、各辺の抵抗を調整して検流計Gの指示をゼロとすると、未知抵抗Xの値はX=(Q/P)Sで得られる。10-4オーム程度までの低抵抗が、高い精度で測定できる。 (5)交流ブリッジA.C. bridge インピーダンスの値や周波数を正確に測定するブリッジ。測定対象により各種のものがある。交流ブリッジは、位相と大きさの二つの量が平衡しないと検出器がゼロを指示しない。したがって直流ブリッジの場合に比べ、ブリッジを平衡させる操作が一般に複雑である。 [高尾利治] ブリッジ回路の応用平衡しているホイートストンブリッジで、一辺の抵抗がわずかでも変化すると、平衡が破れて中央の枝路に電流が流れる。したがって、逆にこの電流から抵抗変化を検出したり、あるいは任意の物理量の変化を抵抗変化に変換する素子を用いると、この電流からその物理量の変化を知ることができる。 熱線風速計はその一例で、直径0.01~0.5ミリメートルぐらいの白金線を熱線とし、ブリッジの一辺に組み込み、電流を流して加熱した状態で平衡させておく。次にこの熱線を気流や水流中に置くと相対速度によって放熱作用が異なるので、熱線の温度が変わり、その結果抵抗も変わって平衡が破れ、検出器に電流が流れる。あらかじめ目盛っておけば、この電流から相対速度を知ることができる。 抵抗線ひずみ計も同様で、ひずみゲージをブリッジの一辺に組み込み、ゲージのひずみによる抵抗変化を熱線風速計の場合と同じようにブリッジで検出し、引張り力や圧縮力を測定する。 [高尾利治] [参照項目] |©Shogakukan"> ホイートストンブリッジ ©Shogakukan"> すべり線ブリッジ ©Shogakukan"> ダブルブリッジ ©Shogakukan"> 交流ブリッジ 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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