insomnia

Japanese: 不眠症
insomnia
What kind of disease is it?

●Main symptoms and courseInsomnia is a condition in which you want to sleep but cannot, and are unable to get the nighttime sleep necessary to relieve fatigue in the body and brain. There are significant individual differences in the amount of sleep and how quickly people fall asleep, and also differences depending on age. The average sleep time for Japanese people is said to be 7.5 to 8 hours, but in reality, the range is much greater than that. Therefore, the degree to which sleep is disrupted that constitutes insomnia must be based on the sleeping condition of a person when they are healthy.
Insomnia can be divided into several types depending on how it occurs. If you have trouble falling asleep and are unable to sleep for more than an hour longer than usual, this is called "sleep onset disorder." If you wake up multiple times during the night (at least three times), this is called "middle of the night awakening." If you wake up two hours earlier than usual and are unable to fall asleep again, this is called "early morning awakening." If you sleep for a reasonable amount of time but still do not feel satisfied that you have had enough sleep, this is called "deep sleep disorder." Of these, sleep onset disorder is said to be the most common.
Insomnia can also be classified according to the duration of insomnia. If it lasts less than a week, it is considered transient, if it lasts less than a month, it is considered short-term, and if it lasts more than a month, it is considered long-term. Generally, long-term insomnia requires treatment, but if the insomnia is causing the patient severe distress and interfering with their daily life, such as preventing them from working or studying, then even short-term insomnia may require treatment.

●Causes of the disease and how symptoms develop Insomnia can be divided into those that are triggered by various physical or mental illnesses and those that have no clear cause and are related to factors such as a nervous personality.
Physical illnesses that can cause insomnia include lower back pain, itchy dermatitis, bronchial asthma, sleep apnea syndrome, etc. Brain diseases such as cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, and cerebral arteriosclerosis, and circulatory diseases such as high blood pressure and heart failure can also be the cause.
Depression is the most common mental illness, and most patients suffer from insomnia.
When the cause is clear, it goes without saying that the underlying disease must be treated.
Insomnia can also occur without a clear cause, and the majority of cases are called psychophysiological insomnia. For example, if a nervous person experiences insomnia due to minor worries or stress, they may worry that they won't be able to sleep tonight, which makes them even more tense and unable to sleep. Not being able to sleep causes more worries, creating a vicious cycle that leads to insomnia becoming fixed. If these symptoms continue for more than a month, treatment is required.
In addition, if you drink alcohol before bed, you will gradually drink more, and although you will fall asleep easily, you may often wake up in the middle of the night or early in the morning.
If the cause is mental stress, behavioral therapy to relieve the stress is usually used first, and if that does not improve the condition, treatment with sleeping pills is usually used.
There are many types of sleeping pills, from those with short duration to those with long duration, so you can use them according to the type of insomnia you have. Once you are able to sleep, you can gradually reduce the amount of sleeping pills under the guidance of your doctor until you can sleep without them.

Characteristics of the disease It can be seen in people of all ages, but the frequency tends to increase with age. Many people suffer from insomnia, with a global survey showing that it affects about 10 percent of the total population.


EBM checks on common treatments and care

[Treatment and care] If the cause of insomnia is a physical or mental illness, treat that illness. [Rating] ☆☆☆☆
[Evaluation points] If there is an underlying illness, it will naturally be necessary to treat that illness. Also, if there is also drug or alcohol addiction, these will be treated first.

[Treatment and care] Cognitive behavioral therapy [Evaluation] ☆☆☆☆☆
[Evaluation Points] It is important to achieve sleep onset and prolongation by using non-pharmacological psychotherapy such as counseling. Specifically, this involves paying attention to sleep hygiene (preparing the sleeping environment), performing relaxation therapy, and using methods to stimulate sleepiness. Examples of good sleep hygiene include making bedding and the bedroom an environment conducive to sleep, developing regular sleeping habits, being creative with the way you eat, drink, and bathe before bed, and finding ways to change your mood. (1)-(4)

[Treatment and care] Pharmacotherapy with sleeping pills [Evaluation] ☆☆☆☆
[Evaluation points] Pharmacological therapy is divided into benzodiazepine hypnotics, non-benzodiazepine hypnotics, and melatonin agonists. Although there are not many studies directly comparing each drug, benzodiazepine hypnotics generally tend to result in longer sleep times.
Many studies have shown that benzodiazepines reduce the number of times you wake up during the night, extend the length of sleep, and improve the quality of your sleep.
Non-benzodiazepine sleeping pills are characterized by their short duration of action. They are often used for mild insomnia, but the side effects are the same as those of benzodiazepine sleeping pills.
Melatonin agonists address insomnia by increasing melatonin, a hormone involved in the sleep-wake rhythm. Previous studies have reported that subjective sleep quality and sleep duration were significantly increased. (5)-(8)


Checking commonly used drugs with EBM

Benzodiazepine sleeping pills [drug name] Halcion (triazolam) (9)
[Rating] ☆☆☆☆
[Drug name] Lendormin (brotizolam) (9)
[Rating] ☆☆☆☆
[Drug name] Lexotan (bromazepam) (9)
[Rating] ☆☆☆☆
[Drug name] Depas (Etizolam) (9)
[Rating] ☆☆☆☆
[Drug name] Silace/Rohypnol (Flunitrazepam) (9)
[Rating] ☆☆☆☆
[Drug name] Eurodin (Estazolam) (9)
[Rating] ☆☆☆☆
[Drug name] Nelbon/Benzalin (nitrazepam) (9)
[Rating] ☆☆☆☆
[Drug name] Doral (Quazepam) (9)
[Rating] ☆☆☆☆

Non-benzodiazepine sleeping pills [drug name] Myslee (zolpidem tartrate) (9)
[Rating] ☆☆☆☆
[Drug name] Amoban (Zopiclone) (9)
[Rating] ☆☆☆☆

Melatonin agonist [drug name] Rozerem (ramelteon) (8)
[Rating] ☆☆☆

[Evaluation points] The effectiveness of these drugs has been confirmed by reliable clinical studies.


Overall, the most reliable treatment currently available <br /> Knowing the type of insomnia and its cause When treating insomnia, it is first necessary to know the type of insomnia and its cause.
For example, waking up in the middle of the night due to difficulty breathing due to heart failure, difficulty falling asleep or waking up in the middle of the night due to asthma whose main symptom is coughing, waking up in the middle of the night due to sleep apnea syndrome, and waking up early in the morning due to depression.
In either case, insomnia will not be cured unless the underlying illness is treated.

First, try various lifestyle adjustments. If your insomnia is not associated with a specific illness or condition, you should first make lifestyle adjustments such as paying attention to sleep hygiene, and only take sleeping pills if you are still suffering from insomnia.
Sleep hygiene includes being physically active during the day, eliminating light and noise in the bedroom, eating, drinking, and bathing before bed, and not reading or working in bed (i.e., conditioning bed to mean sleep).
I think it's a good idea to try various things depending on your personal preferences.

There is no research showing that insomnia itself shortens your lifespan Although spending a sleepless night alone can be disturbing, there is no research showing that insomnia itself causes physical illness or shortens your lifespan.
Therefore, even if you can't sleep for a while, it's important to keep a relaxed attitude and know that you'll eventually be able to fall asleep as your body gets tired.

Different sleeping pills should be used depending on the type of insomnia. Depending on how long the effect lasts, different sleeping pills should be used depending on the type of insomnia, such as difficulty falling asleep, waking up in the middle of the night, or waking up early in the morning.
All of these sleeping pills are almost guaranteed to be effective, so as long as you use them correctly, they should relieve insomnia in most cases.
However, care must be taken when using long-acting medications, as they can suppress the activity of brain nerve cells the next day, causing falls and resulting in fractures.

Another big problem with sleeping pills is that they can develop a psychological dependency, making you worry that you won't be able to sleep unless you take them. Gradually reduce the amount of sleeping pills you take and how often you use them.

(1)Stepanski EJ, Wyatt JK. Use of sleep hygiene in the treatment of insomnia. Sleep Med Rev 2003; 7:215.
(2)Bootzin RR, Perlis ML. Nonpharmacologic treatments of insomnia. J Clin Psychiatry 1992; 53 Suppl:37.
(3)Means MK, Lichstein KL, Epperson MT, et al. Relaxation therapy for insomnia: nighttime and day time effects. Behav Res Ther 2000; 38:665.
(4)Spielman AJ, Yang C, Glovinsky PB. Insomnia: Sleep restriction therapy. In: Insomnia Diagnosis and Treatment, Sateia MJ, Buysse DJ (Eds), Informa UK Ltd, London 2010. p.277.
(5)Buscemi N, Vandermeer B, Friesen C, et al. The efficacy and safety of drug treatments for chronic insomnia in adults: a meta-analysis of RCTs. J Gen Intern Med 2007; 22:1335.
(6)Holbrook AM, Crowther R, Lotter A, et al. Meta-analysis of benzodiazepine use in the treatment of insomnia. CMAJ 2000; 162:225.
(7)Kuriyama A, Honda M, Hayashino Y. Ramelteon for the treatment of insomnia in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med 2014; 15:385.
(8)Mini LJ, Wang-Weigand S, Zhang J. Self-reported efficacy and tolerability of ramelteon 8 mg in older adults experiencing severe sleep-onset difficulty. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 2007; 5:177.
(9)Ashton H. Guidelines for the rational use of benzodiazepines. When and what to use. Drugs. 1994;48:25-40.

Source: "EBM: A book that explains correct treatment" Information about the book "EBM: A book that explains correct treatment"

Japanese:
どんな病気でしょうか?

●おもな症状と経過
 不眠症(ふみんしょう)とは、眠りたいと思っているのに眠ることができず、体や脳の疲労をとるために必要な夜間睡眠がとれない状態をいいます。人間の睡眠時間や寝つきには、かなりの個人差があり、年齢によっても違いがあります。日本人の睡眠時間は平均7時間半から8時間とされていますが、実際にはもっと幅があるというのが実情です。ですから、どの程度眠りが阻害されたら不眠症というかは、その人の健康なときの睡眠状態を基準とせざるをえません。
 不眠症はそのおこり方からいくつかのタイプに分けられます。寝つきが悪く、床に入ってもふだんより1時間以上眠れないのが「入眠障害(にゅうみんしょうがい)」です。夜間になんども(少なくとも3回以上)目が覚める場合は「中途覚醒(ちゅうとかくせい)」といいます。ふだんより2時間以上早く目が覚めてしまい、その後なかなか眠れないのが「早朝覚醒(そうちょうかくせい)」です。睡眠時間はそれなりに長いのに、十分眠ったという満足感が得られない場合は「熟眠障害(じゅくみんしょうがい)」といいます。これらのうちもっとも多いのが入眠障害といわれています。
 また、不眠症の続いている期間による分類もあります。1週間以内であれば一過性不眠、1カ月以内であれば短期不眠、1カ月以上であれば長期不眠と分類されます。一般に治療が必要なのは長期不眠ですが、患者さん本人にとってひどく苦痛で、仕事や学業ができなくなるなど、生活に支障をきたすような場合は短期不眠でも治療が必要でしょう。

●病気の原因や症状がおこってくるしくみ
 不眠症は、いろいろな体の病気や心の病気が引きがねとなっておこるものと、はっきりした原因がわからず神経質な性格などが関係しているものとに分けられます。
 不眠の原因となる体の病気としては、痛みをおこす腰痛やかゆみをおこす皮膚炎、夜間に呼吸困難をおこす気管支喘息(ぜんそく)、睡眠時無呼吸症候群などがあります。また、脳梗塞(のうこうそく)、脳出血、脳動脈硬化症など脳の病気や高血圧や心不全など循環器の病気が原因の場合もあります。
 心の病気としてはうつ病がその代表で、ほとんどの患者さんで不眠がみられます。
 このように原因のはっきりしている場合は、当然ながら原因となる病気の治療が必要です。
 また、はっきりした原因がないのに不眠がおこる場合があり、その大部分は精神生理性不眠と呼ばれるものです。たとえば神経質な性格の人がちょっとした心配事やストレスで不眠を経験すると、「今夜も眠れないのでは」と気になり、緊張するためによけいに眠れなくなります。眠れないことがさらに心配の種になり悪循環をくり返し、不眠が固定してしまうわけです。このような症状が1カ月以上続く場合は治療が必要です。
 このほか、寝酒としてアルコールを飲んでいると、次第に飲酒量が増えて、寝つきはよいものの中途覚醒、早朝覚醒となることがしばしばあります。
 精神的なストレスが原因となっている場合は、そのストレスを緩和(かんわ)するための行動療法をまず行い、それでも改善しない場合に睡眠薬を使って治療するのが一般的です。
 睡眠薬には作用時間の短いものから長いものまでいろいろな種類があるので、不眠のタイプに合わせて使い分けることができます。眠ることができるようになったら、医師の指導のもとに少しずつ睡眠薬を減らして、薬なしでも眠れるようにします。

●病気の特徴
 どの年代でもみられますが、年齢が高くなるほどその頻度(ひんど)が高くなる傾向にあります。不眠に悩んでいる人は多く、世界的な調査では全人口の約10パーセントにのぼるとしています。


よく行われている治療とケアをEBMでチェック

[治療とケア]不眠の原因が体や心の病気の場合は、その病気を治療する
[評価]☆☆☆☆
[評価のポイント] 原因となっている病気がある場合は、その病気の治療が当然必要になります。また、薬物依存やアルコール依存症もある場合は、これらの治療が先になります。

[治療とケア]認知行動療法を行う
[評価]☆☆☆☆☆
[評価のポイント] カウンセリングなど薬を使わない精神療法を行うことによって、入眠や睡眠時間の延長を得ることが重要です。具体的には、睡眠衛生(睡眠環境を整える)に気を配ったり、リラックス療法を行ったり、眠気を刺激する方法を行ったりします。睡眠衛生を整えるとは、寝具や寝室を眠りやすい環境にする、規則正しい睡眠習慣を身につける、寝る前の飲食や入浴の方法に工夫する、気持ちを切り換える工夫をする、などがあげられます。(1)~(4)

[治療とケア]睡眠薬による薬物療法を行う
[評価]☆☆☆☆
[評価のポイント] 薬物療法は、ベンゾジアゼピン系睡眠薬、非ベンゾジアゼピン系睡眠薬、メラトニン作動薬に分けられます。それぞれの薬剤を直接比べた研究はあまりありませんが、一般的にはベンゾジアゼピン系睡眠薬のほうが睡眠時間が長い傾向があります。
 ベンゾジアゼピン系睡眠薬は、多くの研究で夜間目が覚める回数が減り、睡眠時間が延び、睡眠の質が上がったと報告されています。
 非ベンゾジアゼピン系睡眠薬は、作用時間が短いのが特徴です。軽い不眠症に使われることが多いですが、副作用の発現はベンゾジアゼピン系睡眠薬と変わりありません。
 メラトニン作動薬は、睡眠と覚醒のリズムに関係しているホルモンであるメラトニンを増やすことで不眠に対応します。過去の研究では、自覚的な睡眠の質や、睡眠時間が有意に増えたと報告されています。(5)~(8)


よく使われている薬をEBMでチェック

ベンゾジアゼピン系睡眠薬
[薬名]ハルシオン(トリアゾラム)(9)
[評価]☆☆☆☆
[薬名]レンドルミン(ブロチゾラム)(9)
[評価]☆☆☆☆
[薬名]レキソタン(ブロマゼパム)(9)
[評価]☆☆☆☆
[薬名]デパス(エチゾラム)(9)
[評価]☆☆☆☆
[薬名]サイレース/ロヒプノール(フルニトラゼパム)(9)
[評価]☆☆☆☆
[薬名]ユーロジン(エスタゾラム)(9)
[評価]☆☆☆☆
[薬名]ネルボン/ベンザリン(ニトラゼパム)(9)
[評価]☆☆☆☆
[薬名]ドラール(クアゼパム)(9)
[評価]☆☆☆☆

非ベンゾジアゼピン系睡眠薬
[薬名]マイスリー(ゾルピデム酒石酸塩)(9)
[評価]☆☆☆☆
[薬名]アモバン(ゾピクロン)(9)
[評価]☆☆☆☆

メラトニン作動薬
[薬名]ロゼレム(ラメルテオン)(8)
[評価]☆☆☆

[評価のポイント] これらの薬の有効性は信頼性の高い臨床研究によって確認されています。


総合的に見て現在もっとも確かな治療法
不眠のタイプとその原因を知る
 不眠症の治療では、不眠のタイプとその原因を知ることがまず必要です。
 たとえば、心不全による夜間の呼吸困難のための中途覚醒、せきがおもな症状である喘息による入眠障害や中途覚醒、睡眠時無呼吸症候群による中途覚醒、うつ病による早朝覚醒などがあります。
 いずれも、原因となるそれぞれの病気を治療しない限り不眠は治りません。

まず、生活のなかでいろいろな工夫を行う
 特定の病気や症状に伴わない不眠の場合は、睡眠衛生に気を配るという生活の調整をまず行って、それでも不眠で苦しむときにのみ睡眠薬を服用します。
 睡眠衛生には、日中に身体的活動を高めておくこと、寝室での光や音を排除すること、寝る前の飲食や入浴の方法に工夫する、ベッドでは読書や仕事をしない(つまり、ベッドに入ることは睡眠を意味するような条件反射をつくる)ことなどがあげられます。
 個人の好みによって、さまざまな工夫をするとよいと思います。

不眠そのものが寿命を短くするという研究報告はない
 夜間一人だけ眠れない時間を過ごすことは不安なものですが、不眠そのものが身体的な病気を引きおこしたり、寿命を短くしたりするという研究報告はありません。
 したがって、少々眠れなくても、体が疲れてくればそのうち必ず眠れるはずだと、ゆったりとした気持ちをもち続けることが大切です。

睡眠薬は不眠のタイプごとに使い分ける
 睡眠薬は効果がどのくらい持続するかにより、入眠障害や中途覚醒、早朝覚醒などの不眠のタイプごとに使い分ける必要があります。
 いずれの睡眠薬も、有効性はほぼ確実なものですので、使い方を誤りさえしなければ、ほとんどのケースで不眠は解消されるはずです。
 ただし、長時間効く薬は、翌日、脳神経細胞の活動が抑えられて、転倒し骨折の原因になることもあり、注意が必要です。

睡眠薬は心理的な依存に注意が必要
 もう一つの大きな問題は、心理的な依存ができてしまい、睡眠薬を飲まないと眠れないという状態が心配になることです。徐々に、睡眠薬の量と使用頻度を少なくしていきましょう。

(1)Stepanski EJ, Wyatt JK. Use of sleep hygiene in the treatment of insomnia. Sleep Med Rev 2003; 7:215.
(2)Bootzin RR, Perlis ML. Nonpharmacologic treatments of insomnia. J Clin Psychiatry 1992; 53 Suppl:37.
(3)Means MK, Lichstein KL, Epperson MT, et al. Relaxation therapy for insomnia: nighttime and day time effects. Behav Res Ther 2000; 38:665.
(4)Spielman AJ, Yang C, Glovinsky PB. Insomnia: Sleep restriction therapy. In: Insomnia Diagnosis and Treatment, Sateia MJ, Buysse DJ (Eds), Informa UK Ltd, London 2010. p.277.
(5)Buscemi N, Vandermeer B, Friesen C, et al. The efficacy and safety of drug treatments for chronic insomnia in adults: a meta-analysis of RCTs. J Gen Intern Med 2007; 22:1335.
(6)Holbrook AM, Crowther R, Lotter A, et al. Meta-analysis of benzodiazepine use in the treatment of insomnia. CMAJ 2000; 162:225.
(7)Kuriyama A, Honda M, Hayashino Y. Ramelteon for the treatment of insomnia in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med 2014; 15:385.
(8)Mini LJ, Wang-Weigand S, Zhang J. Self-reported efficacy and tolerability of ramelteon 8 mg in older adults experiencing severe sleep-onset difficulty. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 2007; 5:177.
(9)Ashton H. Guidelines for the rational use of benzodiazepines. When and what to use. Drugs. 1994;48:25-40.

出典 法研「EBM 正しい治療がわかる本」EBM 正しい治療がわかる本について 情報

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