Dalton's law

Japanese: ドルトンの法則 - どるとんのほうそく(英語表記)Dalton's law
Dalton's law

This law states that "the total pressure of a mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the component gases." For this reason, it is also called the law of partial pressure. It was proposed by John Dalton of England in 1801. In other words, "the volume of a mixture is equal to the sum of the volumes of each gas at the same temperature and pressure." This law is perfectly valid for ideal gases, since the interactions between molecules and the size of the molecules can be ignored. It is a law often used in chemical thermodynamics, and for example, the "law of mass action" is based on this law. Note that the "law of definite proportions," "law of multiple proportions," and "Henry's law" are also sometimes referred to as Dalton's law in a broad sense, so to avoid misunderstandings, it would be better to call it "Dalton's law of partial pressures."

[Yamazaki Akira]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

「混合気体の全圧は、成分気体の分圧の総和に等しい」という法則。そのために分圧の法則law of partial pressureともいう。1801年イギリスのJ・ドルトンの提出したものである。別の表現では「混合気体の体積は、これと同温・同圧下における気体のそれぞれの占める体積の和に等しい」ということになる。理想気体では、分子間の相互作用や分子の大きさを無視できるので、この法則は完全に成立する。化学熱力学においてよく利用される法則で、たとえば「質量作用の法則」は、この法則を基礎としている。なお「定比例の法則」「倍数比例の法則」「ヘンリーの法則」なども、広い意味でのドルトンの法則に含めてよぶことがあるので、誤解を避けるためには「ドルトンの分圧の法則」とよぶほうがよいであろう。

[山崎 昶]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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